이라크 쉬아파의 형성과정과 종교적·사회적 특성 연구: 19세기 아랍 부족의 쉬아파 개종을 중심으로

A Study on the Formative Period of the Iraqi Shi'a and Its Religious and Social Characteristics: Focusing on the Conversion of Arab Tribes to Shi'a in the 19th Century

This Study is designed to research on the formative years of the Iraqi Shi'a and its religious and social characteristics focusing on the conversion of Arab tribes to Shi'a in the 19th century. In Chapter I, the purpose of this study is presented with some explanation of the political and religious situations of Iraq and the possibilities of the conflicts between Sunni and Shi'a after Iraq War in 2003. This study is concerned with the following questions. How was modem Iraqi Shi'i society formed and during which period. The result of this study is that the Iraqi Shi' is are by and large recent converts to Shi' a as a result of the attack of Wahhabis and the settlement of Arab nomadic tribes in Iraq during the 19th century. In chapter II, the outlook of Iraqi Shi' a is described. The Shi'i Islam was closely related with Iraq. Many of the formative events of Shi'i history took place in Iraq. The four most sacred Shi'i shrine cities(Najaf, Karbala, Kazmayn, Samarra) are in Iraq. In chapter ill, the conflict between Sunni and Shi' a in Iraq is presented. Iraq was a battle field between the Sunni Ottoman Empire and Shi'i Safavid(later Qajar) Iran. In a political point of view, Iraq was controlled by the Sunni Ottoman Empire. But in a religious point of view, Iraq was a country of the Shi'i shrine cities. In chapter N, the role of Najaf and Karbala is mentioned. Najaf is the most important shine city of the Shi' a. It Was called as the heart of the world or a world within a city by Shi'is. It contains the holy shrine of Ali b. Abi Talib. But Najaf has a strong Arab character. Karbala contains the shrines of Husayn(son of AIiI) and Abbas(the 3rd Imam). The martyrdom of Husayn was the most important historical event in the Shi' a. Karbala became the focus of devotion and pilgrimage for Iranian Shi' is. In chapter V, the conversion of the Arab tribes to Shi' a is presented. This chapter contains the history of Arab tribes' migration to Iraq from Arabia, the attack of the Sunni Wahhabis on Najaf and Karbala, the construction of Hindiyya canal, and the new Ottoman policy of tribal settlement. In chapter VI, the meanings and characteristics of conversion are described. It contains various social, economic, political, and religious natures. In conclusion, the conversion to Shi' a was a reaction of the Arab tribesmen to the crisis of their former socioeconomic and political situation and a compensation for their loss of their former way of life. They want a new start and a new identity through conversion to Shi'a.