발해 건국초기의 강역-營州道를 중심으로-

The Parhae's Domain of It's Establishment Early Stage- Focusing on the Route of Yingzhou -

When to explain the Parhae's domain of it's establishment early stage, the traffic road has a considerable significance not only as the pathway to spread the it's culture and institutions(典章文物制度) to the regions, but also as the pathway of foreign transactions. It's possible to confirm through documentary records that 5 passages such as abbreviated as the Route of Japan(龍原日本道), the Route of Silla(南海新羅道), the Route of Abrog(鴨?朝貢道), the Route of Yingzhou(長嶺營州道), the Route of Khitan(夫餘契丹道) had existed even in Parhae. Despite it, the researches regarding Parhae's routes haven't been made abundantly. The majority of the existing researches inclined to investigate its' exposure basing on the archeological results. Here the critical point is a reality the researches related to the period of the establishment period, the connection with the Parhae's domain or the meaning of the Route of Yingzhou(營州道) haven't almost conducted. Accordingly this paper examined the meaning, the establishment period, the relation with the Parhae's domain of it's establishment early stage and etc., laying stress on the Route of Yingzhou(營州道), one of the Parhae's routes. The name “Route of Yingzhou(營州道)” is differentiated with the names of the Route of Silla(新羅道), the Route of Japan(日本道) and the Route of Khitan(契丹道). The “Route of Yingzhou” was rooted in an area name, but the names of the other 4 routes were originated from directions of the arrived spot, the country name. The reason why the "Route of Yingzhou(營州道)" was determined as a name of route is because in this area the Andong protectorate(安東都護府) was located as of the foremost front of Tang Dynasty's(唐) domain and it was the important spot on the foremost front. Otherwise, the “Yingzhou(營州)” of the “Route of Yingzhou(營州道)” is a pronoun designating Tang Dynasty(唐) and simultaneously it means the foremost front's gate entering Tang Dynasty. The establishment period of the “Route of Yingzhou(營州道)” is related closely to the moving process of the first king Ko Tae jo-yong(高王 大祚榮). It was exposed to subjugation threat of Tang Dynasty till when Tae jo-yong, who established Parhae at Tongmosan(東牟山) by commanding and moving Koguryo's nomads from the “Yingzhou(營州)” seizing a chance of Li jinzhong's(李盡忠) as well as Sun wanying's(孫萬榮) rebellion, reached Tongmosan(東牟山), the early capital departing from “Yingzhou(營州)”. It seems to be that he set up the capital in the place where he could resolve such a threat and regarded the moving process as the safest and fastest way. Therefore it looks as though the route of the “Route of Yingzhou(營州道)” is exactly the moving process of the first king Ko Tae jo-yong(高王 大祚榮) and it's establishment period is the early stage of Parhae's establishment like the Route of Silla(新羅道), the Route of Japan(日本道), The Route of Abrog(鴨?道) and the Route of Khitan(契丹道). Parhae included Puyeo(扶餘), Okcho(沃沮), Pyunhan(弁韓), Chosun(朝鮮) and the Haebug various country(海北諸國) through expanding the military force after it's establishment at Tongmosan(東牟山) and the second king Mu Tae mu-yae(武王 大武藝) possessed the pivotal point of Parhae's domain by expanding the it. Due to Parhae's prospect the Andong protectorate(安東都護府), the foremost front of “Loose rein policy(羈?政策)” came to retreat to Liaoxi area(遼西) and the army corps(軍) and Shouzhuo(守捉) were located in Pingzhou(平州) as well as Yingzhou(營州) as the frontier's military affairs organization. Tang Dynasty(唐) set up 856 loose rein provinces(羈?州) all over the country. But the loose rein provinces(羈?州) set up in Tang Dynasty(唐) weren't included in 358 formal provinces(州郡) which were set up in the Tang Dynasty(唐) domain. And also these were within the province of Youzhou(幽州) and Yingzhou(營州) as for it's scope. If “Loose rein provinces(羈?州)” is the foremost front of the Tan