松花江流域 初期鐵器時代 文化 硏究 Ⅱ - 西荒山屯 古墳群을 중심으로 -

A Study of the Early Iron Age Culture of the Songhua River Basin, Part Ⅱ : The Xihuangshantun Cemetery

To date, capstone-style dolmens centered on the Xihuangshantun cemetery have been found in a total of five locations. The majority of these sites are distributed closely along the edge of the Jilinhada mountain range on the central reaches of the Huifa River and the upper reaches of the Yinma River. They are characterized by their locations occupying the summits of low hills on riverbanks. The tombs are estimated to date roughly to the fourth to third centuries BC. The method of building capstone-style dolmens can be divided into two types: the rock shaft capstone type, and the earthen shaft capstone type, of which the rock shaft capstone type constitutes the majority. Interment types can be categorized into multiple burials, secondary burials, and cremations. Bark of the white birch was used for a coffin. Artifacts recovered from capstone-style dolmens consist primarily of ornamental items, followed in order of frequency by bronze items, ceramics, stone tools, and iron implements. The majority of the ceramics are understood to be items produced specially for use as mortuary offerings. Ceramics are relatively simple in form, and include cups, jars, bowls, pots, and spindle whorls. Bronze items include slim daggers, willow leaf daggers, knives, arrowheads, bracelets, rings, tubes, and mirrors. Iron items uncovered include production tools like adzes, sickles, and knives. Stone items are divided into production tools and ornamental items, the vast majority being ornaments. The central reaches of the Huifa River, where Xihuangshantun-type burials are distributed, was part of the Xituanshan Culture sphere until the sixth to fifth centuries BC. But from the fourth to third centuries BC the cultural content of the area began to undergo transformation as the Baoshan Culture centered on the upper reaches of the Dongliao and Huifa rivers expanded into this region. Around the fifth century BC the region around the upper reaches of the Dongliao and Huifa rivers began to receive strong cultural influence from the pipa-shaped dagger culture of central Liaoning as well as from the Central Plains of China. There formed as a result the Baoshan Culture, which was the foundation of the capstone-style dolmens in this region. This culture expanded into thesurrounding regions until, by the third century BC, it had come to exert its influence as far as the central reaches of the Dongliao and Huifa rivers, and even as far as the Songhua River basin by way of the Daheishan mountain range. However, in the region around Jilin city, which was the center of the Xituanshan Culture, the influence of Xituanshan Culture continued until quite late, when it was replaced by the Paoziyan Culture by the end of the third century BC.