이라크 시아파 원리주의 운동의 성격과 역할 - 이라크-이란 전쟁과 걸프전을 중심으로

The Characteristics and Roles of the Shi"ite Fundamentalism in Iraq ─ Focused on the Iraq-Iran War and the Gulf War ─

  This study is designed to research on the characteristics and roles of the Shi"ite fundamentalism in Iraq focused on the Iraq-Iran War and the Gulf War. In chapter I, the purpose of this study is presented with some explanation of the current political and religious situations in Iraq. The Shi"ite Islamic movement in Iraq originated at Najaf during the aftermath of July 1958 revolution. It was a response to the changes involved the decline of old social classes and the clerical class. This decline was a complex historical process and created various social, economical, cultural and political facets. The Iraqi political and religious situations in 2004 are closely related with the Shi"ite Islamic movement in Iraq. This study is concerned with following questions. What are the characteristics of Iraqi Shi"te movements? What are the roles of the Iraqi Shi"te fundamentalism in the process of political development? How did they change? What is the relation between the Iraqi Shi"te movement and the Iraqi Identity? Why they changed their lines from radicalism to pragmatism? In chapter Ⅱ, the characteristics of the Iraqi Shi"ite movement and its current situations are described. In the Iraqi Shi"ite movement there are four major groups. They are Hizb al-Da"wah al-Islamiyya, Supreme Assembly(or Council) for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq, al-Mujahidin, and Amal. Most of them are affected by the thoughts of Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr Now the families which lead the activities of the Iraqi Shi"ite movement are al-Sadr family and al-Hakim family. In chapter Ⅲ, the political process of the formation of the Iraqi Shi"ite Fundamentalism is presented. The conflicts between Sadam Husein"s regime and the Shi"ite movements were wide-spreaded in 70"s and 80"s. The most popular movements is Hizb al-Da"wah al-Islamiyyah. Al-Da"wah began its activities in al-Thawrah in Baghdad and was guided by Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr. In chapter Ⅳ and Ⅴ, the political changes of the Iraqi Shi"ite movements and the relation between the Shi"ite movement and the Iraqi Identity are described. The Iraqi Shi"ite movement experienced its political changes in the aftermath of the success of Iran Islamic revolution, the Iraq-Iran War, the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait, and the religious politics of Sadam Husein Regime. Especially the religious politics of Sadam Husein Regime influenced the formation and establishment of the characteristics of the Iraqi Shi"ite movement and its direction. In chapter Ⅵ, the revolt of the Iraqi Shi"ite movement against Sadam Husein"s Regime and its failure are described. In 1991, after Iraq"s defeat in the invasion of Kuwait, the revolt of the Iraqi Shi"ite movement against Sadam Husein"s Regime occurred in the Basra, Najaf, Nasiriyyah, Karbala, and Samawa. But it was failed. After this failure, the Iraqi Shi"ite movement changed its politics from radicalism to pragmatism. Because they didn"t want to lose the Iraqi Identity and Iraqi Nationalism. Now they want to get the freedom and democracy of Iraq by their own hands not by the hands of America and Iran.