敎育行政學에서의 體制接近에 관한 考察

Applications of Systems Approach to Educational Administration

  The recent historical emphases of the study of administration may be categorized in terms of (1) scientific management, (2) human relations, (3) behavioral science, and (4) quantitative systems approaches. The quantitative systems approach to administration represents the fourth trend in management thought to originate during this century.   In educational administration, many quantitative systems approaches were begun to talk about the concepts and procedures related to system with increasing frequency in the 1960s. During the 1970s, specific applications and utilizations of systems techniques and procedures were being designed and implemented in educational systems.   This article was intended to provide a possible for the fourth trend, the systems approach in educational administration, by reviewing literatures related. The specific purposes of this paper were to   (1) review the universal properties and basic patterns of systems,   (2) indicate the essence of systems thought and the forms it has taken,   (3) identify the nature of a systems approach including systems procedures, and   (4) illustrate the application and implication of systems approaches in the field of educational administration.   The universal properties for all system which can be used to contribute to the conceptualization of a system are described as (1) tendency toward entropy, (2) existence in time-space, (3) boundaries, (4) environment, (5) variables and parameters, (6) subsystems, and (7) suprasystems. The properties of all open systems which an interchange is possible between the system and its environment are characterized as (1) inputs and output, (2) steady state, (3) self regulation, (4) equifinality, (5) dynamic interaction, (6) feedback, (7) progressive segregation, (8) progressive mechanization, (9) negentropy.   The systems thought has yielded a useful perspective for dealing with complex problems on reality. The systems thought offers a unique approach to practice development and service. The major approaches to systems thought are as follows: (1) general system theory, (2) cybenetics, (3) holism, (4) operations research, (5) systems design, (6) information theory, (7) systems analysis, (8) systems engineering, (9) output analysis, (10) mathematical programming, (11) computer science.   The systems approach is a way of analyzing a problem by identifying objectives and resources and determming alternatives in using resources to attain objectives. Systems approach must be used in the major policy decisions to improve the decision making capabilities of administrators. Systems approach includes systems analysis, systems design, systems engineering, systems management, and systems evaluation.   Systems approach is characterized by reliance on the scientific method employed by an interdisciplinary team capable of working with the scientific framework and with the tools, methods, and techniques associated with educational systems. A number or systems models, procedures, and techniques were implemented not only to facilitate the practice of educational administration but also to develop frameworks for theory building in educational adminiatration.