行動的 授業目標에 대한 小考

The Origins and Implications of Instructional Objectives

  The purpose of this paper is to provide a background concerning instructional objectives. By presenting an overview of factors that have contributed to the development performance objectives, it represents the origins of instrutional objective and it"s implications on instructunal process.   The technical term like "behavioral objective", "performance objective", "learning objective", and "instructional objective" were not used by curriculum specialists early in the 20th contury. However, the early parts of 20th century, Bobbitt(1918, 1924) and Chaters(1923, 1929) had been tried to specify the general objectives into more specific objective.   Beginning in the 1920"s, behavioral approach to test construction undoubtredly stimulated by Tylor and his associates. They have developed taxanomies of educational objectives, There taxanomies have proved useful to many educators as aframe work for specifying performance objectives.   Another group of professionals who contributed to our understanding of performance objective come from the training lab of the military. There one too many people to mention, but it was Gagne"s (1962, 1965, 1974, 1977) work in learning task analysis, and many related applications to instructional systems that have become landmarks in the field of instructional systems.   The implications of instuctional objectives also wildely reviewed and summarized. The instructional objectives are generally need in   1) determining the instructional designning process;   2) constructing the items of test;   3) designning learning experience of students; and   4) reviewing and evaluating of school administration system.