승단 화합과 화합 포살

On Keeping Harmony of the Buddhist Order - a role of nā nā saṃvā saka and sāmaggi-uposatha -

&nbsp;&nbsp;This paper aims at clarifying how the Buddhist order keeps the harmony when the conflicts in the order is occured. The Buddhist order is characterized by complete chapter, samagga-sa？gha. In case that the monks living in the same boundary performs the uposatha separately, it is called sa？ghabheda. The meaning of sa？ghabheda is splitting up the order, and it is described as one among the most serious crimes in the Buddhist texts. The Buddhist order have to make efforts toward keeping the harmony of the members in a community in order to prevent sa？ghabheda. Nevertheless, the serious conflicts threatening the harmony of the order have frequently used to occur in the early Buddhist order.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;In the first place, the order tries to settle a dispute by adhikara？a-samatha when the conflict is occured. However, in case that the dispute become worse not to settle down, sa？gha is seperated into groups which have same opinion. The seperated group lives together in a boundary, and performed ceremonies together. That is n？n？sa？v？saka. If the seperated groups could not harmonize different opinions, they had not criticized adversely each other, but regarded as a equal sa？gha.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;However, when a group want to recover the harmony of the order, members of the group suggest the will to the other group. If they get to agree to the harmony of the order, they have to perform samagga-kamma together. Lastly, they have to read p？？imokkha and perform s？maggi-uposatha as symbol of harmony. In this process, the seperated groups become to reorganize united sa？gha.