상품무역거래에서 해상운송인의 법적 책임

The Liability of Marine Carrier in Commodity Trade Transaction

  국제상품무역거래에서 해상운송은 국적을 달리하는 이해관계자간의 섭외적 법률이기 때문에 이해 당사자들간에 분쟁이 발생할 경우 법적인 책임문제가 대두된다. 본 논문은 해상운송인의 책임원칙, 책임기간 및 책임제한에 대한 문제를 헤이그？비즈비 규칙(Hague-Visby Rules), 함부르크 규칙(Hamburg Rules) 및 우리나라 상법의 관점에서 비교하여 분석하였다. 해상운송인의 책임원칙에 대해 헤이그？비즈비 규칙은 운송물에 관한 주의의무와 감항능력주의의무를 채택하고 있고, 함부르크 규칙은 감항능력주의의무에 대한 명문규정이 없지만 상당한 주의의무가 있는 것으로 이해되고 우리 상법에서는 과실책임주의 원칙을 채택하고 있다. 책임기간에 대해 헤이그？비즈비 규칙은 선적에서 양륙시까지, 함부르크 규칙과 우리 상법은 송화인으로부터 운송물을 수령한 때부터 수화인에게 인도한 때까지로 규정하고 있다. 책임제한과 관련하여 항해과실과 상업과실로 구분하고 항해과실로 인하여 발생한 손해에 대해서는 해상운송인에게 책임을 부여하지 않고 상업과실로 인하여 발생한 손해에 대해서만 책임을 인정하고 있다.

&nbsp;&nbsp;The purpose of this paper is to explore the principles of liability, the duration of liability and the restrictions of liability of marine carrier which are specified in Hague-Visby Rules, Hamburg Rules and Korean Commercial Law, and to compare the differences among them.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Hague-Visby Rules stipulates that the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods carried. The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to make the ship seaworthy and properly man, equip, and supply the ship. Whether loss or damage has resulted from unseaworthiness the burden of providing the excise of due diligence shall be on the carrier or other person claiming exemption. Hamburg Rules, however, do not stipulate the seaworthiness of the ship. But still Article 5(1) regulates the carrier is liable for loss resulting from loss of or damage to the goods as well as from delay in delivery, if the occurrence which caused the loss, damage or delay took place while the goods were in his charge.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;The duration period of liability is continued from the time the goods are ready to be shipped to the time of unloading at the destination port in Hague-Visby Rules. Hamburg Rules and Korean commercial law guarantee the full period for his liability while the goods are under the custody of the carrier.<BR>&nbsp;&nbsp;Under article of 4(2) of the Hague-Visby Rules, the carrier is not responsible for loss or damage due to the act, neglect, or default of the master, mariner, pilot or the servants in navigation or in the management of the ship. If carrier&quot;s navigation fault causes damage directly to the cargo, the damage to cargo is not covered by a cargo insurance. For some disputes, it is difficult to judge whether they are navigation fault or commercial fault. Therefore, there is room for argument on that.