고인돌을 만든 사람들의 사유에 관한 연구

Research of Justfication for the Dolmen Builders in Korea : with Cup-marks of the Capstones as the Center

한반도와 만주지역에는 굼(性穴)이 새겨진 고인돌이 850여기 분포하고 있다. 이 굼을 통해서 알수 있는 것은 다음과 같다. 1. 고인돌의 굼은 별자리, 친족집단의 표시로 만들어졌을 가능성도 있으나 질병치료 및 장수를 기원하는 염원에서 만들어졌을 가능성이 크다. 2. 굼은 고인돌 축조 이후에 만들어진 것도 있으나 고인돌을 축조하는 과정에서 만들어진 것도 있으며, 이미 신석기시대부터 만들어진 것으로 보인다. 3. 굼은 탁자식 고인돌 보다는 개석식 고인돌에 주로 만들어졌으며, 낙동강 유역의 경상도 지역 고인돌에 가장 많이 분포하고 있다. 4. 50개 이상의 많은 굼이 새겨진 고인돌은 한강, 임진강, 대동강, 낙동강 유역에 주로 분포한다. 5. 요령지역의 고인돌에서는 굼이 거의 발견되지 않는다. 6. 충남, 전북, 강화도 등의 고인돌에서는 굼이 있는 고인돌 수가 매우 적다. 7. 북한지역에는 대동강 부근의 고인돌에서 집중적으로 발견되었다.

More than 850 dolmens' cup-marks, which justify dolmen builders, were found over the Korean peninsula and Manchuria(North East China). Purposes, periods and distributions of the cup-marks are as follows. 1. In my opinion, I think much chance of building of cup-marks which is based on the cure for the disease and wish for the longevity, even though some scholars of North and South Korea insist that purpose of building of cup-marks on dolmens carve a constellation in a stone and the others maintain that it was carved in the process of building a dolmen by a group of relatives of the primitive men from this point of archaeological view. It may be summarized as follows. 1) There might be lots of cases of the prehistoric mankinds' deaths due to the food poisoning in terms of eating for the poisonous fish, shellfish and mushrooms, besides custody conditions were not good. Naturally, people might take down their hands into the abdomens. and then they might rub their abdomens, because the diseases were cured unless their illnesses were serious. Therefore, they might rub capstone of the dolmen and wish their speedy recovery. 2) Cup-marks were carved on the capstone as the shape of the Great Bear which represents longevity or set in the shape of the Great Bear. 3) Dolmens with cup-marks located either in the huge areas or independently, they would be the subjects of the religious beliefs. 4) They made cup-marks and tortoise shaped capstones intentionally on the tortoise shaped dolmen. By the way, tortoise represents the longevity in Korea. 2. Even though cup-marks might be sufficiently made during after prehistoric ages, it could be th process of making dolmen or carved on the capstone from the early ages. This suggestion based on 1) Awl-tacker was used for the building of cup-marks and then it was found in the dolmens of Yangdeok-ri dolmen, Yangpeong-gun, Gyeonggi province. 2) the cover stones and capstones, which were excavated in Adeuk-ri, Cheongwon-gun, North Chungcheong Province, were carved on the capstones. 3) the following theory. So we can guess the cup-marks of capstones of dolmen excavated in Namjeoung-ri, Icheon-si and Jangpyeong-ri, Yongin-si Gyeonggi Province were made before using capstones. 3. Previously, we can also know the fact that cup-marks were made from the Neolithic Age. Firstly, there are cup-marks on the cover-stones and the cpastones Adeug-i dolmen in Cheongwon which was built during the Neolithic Age. Secondly, there are also cup-marks on the chipped stone and dolmen of Angdeok-ri, in which Remains of the Stone Age were excavated. Thirdly, there is a dolmen which contains the constellation(cup-mark) was built at least 4,000 years ago by the maintenance of North Korean Scholars. 4. Distributional areas of cup-marks dolmens range from Manchuria to the Korean Peninsula. 1) Even though there are more than 850 (including 270 dolmens in North Korea) cup-marks dolmens in the Korean Peninsula and Machuria as the survey's saying, more than 900 dolmens may be distributed in the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria if we take the omitted regions into consideration. 2) Cup-marks dolmens are distributes very densely in the Nakdong River area, North and South Gyeongsang Province, and more than half of cup-marks dolmens are distribured in this region. 3) We can find a very small number of cup-marks carved on the dolmens in North Jeolla Province, South Chungcheong Province, Ganghwa Island as well as South Jeolla Province which includes about 20,000 dolmens, inshore of the Yellow Sea. 4) More than 270 dolmens distributes in North Korea, which includes more than 200 dolmens in Daedong River area and more than 70 dolmens in Jeongding-ri, Euncheon-gun, South Hwanghae Province. 5) There is only cup-marks dolmens ximucheng dolmen, Haicheng, in Liáoníng Shěng. 6) There are 27 dolmens which indcludes more than 50 cup-marks mainly in the area of Han Rever, Imajin River, Daedong River, Nakdong R