Types and Functions of Candidate Answers in English Conversation

Conversation is basically a process of exchanging information, establishing common ground among interactants. In conversation, speakers often produce candidate answers in response to a prior question as a way of cooperating with each other. This study investigates types and functions of candidate answers from an interactional perspective, exploring sequential structures which involve the use of candidate answers. First, it classifies types of candidate answers in interaction in terms of same-turn and next-turn candidate answers. Second, based on the classification of candidate answers, it examines sequential aspects in the negotiation process for securing correct information. Third, this research examines interactional functions of candidate answers. Examination shows that functions of candidate answers can be summarized into the following terms: (i) securing correct information, (ii) seeking confirmation, (iii) inviting correction, (iv) indicating a limited state of knowledge, and (v) displaying collaborative attitudes. Finally, this research shows an interactive nature of conversation which is reflected in doing questioning and offering a candidate answer in the negotiation process between interactants for seeking information about the referents being talked about.