古代韓國의 旱田 耕作法과 農作制에 對한 一考察

A study of Farming Methods and Agricultural Techniques in Ancient Korea

본고는 국가초기 단계어서 삼국시대까지의 농업경제의 변화상을 살핌으로써 고대 한국의 한전 농업의 실태와 경제발전 정도를 밝혀보고자 한다. 당시 중국의 경우 춘추전국 이후의 시대로서 많은 문헌자료가 뒷받침되고 있지만 한반도의 경우 문헌자료의 부족으로 이 시점의 경제적 토대가 제대로 규명되지 못하였다. 따라서 삼국시대 이전의 경작법과 농작제에 대한 이해는 주로 《고려》식화지의 역전을 염두에 두면서 《농사직설》의 기술수준을 넘어서지 못했을 것으로 인식되어 왔다. 본고가 주목한 자료는 상·하전의 밭자리 유적과 농경문 청동기와 같은 출토자료를 대상으로 하였다. 그 결과 하전에는 일찍부터 토지이용법이 발달하여 기원전부터 이미 대평리에는 초기 형태의 근경이 보이며, 미사리 하층밭에는 간작의 형태가 등장하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이 같은 농작법은 시기적으로 중국에 뒤지지 않으며, 농작법을 주도한 것은 바로 한반도와 동북지역에 기원을 두고 있는 대·소두와 같은 두과 작물이었음도 밝혔다. 이러한 생산력을 바탕으로 삼국은 대내·외적인 발전이 가능했을 것으로 판단된다.

As agricultural books before Korea Dynasty has been found, it is almost impossible to see the agricultural techniques and realities of the period of the Three Kingdoms. According to the agricultural books of period of Choson, Chinese agricultural books such as Quminyaoshu and Nongsangjoyao had had a great influence on Choson agricultural books. This study has examined field sites that were unearthed recently to understand the agricultural economy of the Three Kingdoms. The results are as follows. The farming methods of fields of hills areas in Nonggengwen bronze ware were very realistic but it is difficult to see the concrete form of furrows because of the painting limit. However, as field sites has been recently unearthed on Dapingli around the Namgang river and meishali around the Hangang river, it is possible to know accurately how to make furrows in a field in the river basin. Through this, how the farming methods of fields in ancient Korea had developed could be reconstructed to some degree, and besides, how the traditional agricultural techniques had developed before the period of the Three Kingdoms could be confirmed in a measure. A farming method in Nonggengwen bronze ware was usually about five cun dabi. It was to sow seeds on a furrow which would be narrow. Unlike this, the furrow and bank of Dapingli field sites had been very wide since the bronze age and had been the same in the Hangang basin of the period of the Three Kingdoms. The method of sowing in the Korean peninsula was to sow seeds on a furrow in hill areas and on a bank in low areas after the bronze age. In those days, the most suitable crops for such a method of sowing was a bean and a soybean that had widely spread since the prehistoric age. The bean and the soybean was possibly intercropped with other grains on the furrows. Especially, in this method the form of the furrow and the bank is remarkable. It was not to sow seeds on the furrow and the bank, but in the very different direction to make sowing places and to put them into double cultivation. Therefore, these marks show that it was possible to grow grains and beans a year in this area. After the middle of the period the Three kingdoms, as the farming by a cow spread and the amount of production increased, the width of the furrow and the bank came to be much the same, which indicates that far more land was used than before.