大韓民國憲法(1948)의 “民主主義 諸 制度 樹立”

“Establishing democratic institutions” of the First Korean Constitution(1948):A Trans-historical Analysis of the “Peripheries” in the Constitutional Text

본 논문은 대한민국헌법(1948)의 총강·경제·지방자치·헌법개정 등 네 장의 헌법적 기원을 비교헌법사의 방법으로써 규명한 것이다. 즉, 여기에서는, 1948년 여름이라는 특정 시점에서 유진오라는 특정 헌법초안자의 사상이라든가, 제헌의회라는 특정 공간에서 특정 정파들의 헌법논쟁으로부터 건국헌법의 의미를 찾아내려는 기존 연구의 한계를 넘어, 건국헌법에 이르기까지 직·간접 준거가 된 광범한 국내·외 규범텍스트들까지 헌법사 연구의 소재로 포함시키고 있다. 그 결과 건국헌법의 주변부에 해당하는 총강·경제·지방자치·헌법개정 등의 조문들에는 日本國憲法(1946)과 五五憲草(1936)와 같은 외국 헌법문서의 텍스트에서 차용한 부분이 적지 않을뿐더러, 임시헌법(1919)·임시헌법(1925)·임시약헌(1927/1940)·건국강령(1941)·임시헌장(1944) 등 임시정부 시기의 헌정경험에서 비롯되어 해방기 제 헌법초안을 거쳐 건국헌법의 조문들로 이어진 것들도 적지 않다는 사실을 발견할 수 있었다.

When, where, and by whom was the first Korean Constitution brought to us? During June and July 1948, in the Constituent Assembly? And by Yu Jin-o, or by some groups of congressmen? I, as a constitutional historian, have strong doubts about the self-completeness of the 42-day long constitution-making process in the Summer of 1948, and trace the textual origins of the essential “peripheries” in the Korean Constitution(1948). With the trans-historical “text-tracking”, I draw some conclusions. First, Article 3(Nationality), 4(Territory) and 5(Guarantee of Liberty and Equality) in Chapter I(General Provisions) of the Constitution have their textual origins mainly in the Japanese constitutional documents, such as the Japanese Constitution(1946). Second, most articles in Chapter VI(Economy) originate from the Chinese Constitutional Draft(1936), but some of them have their origins in the constitutional documents during the Provisional Government, such as the Principles and Plans for National Reconstruction(1941). Third, the textual forms of Article 96 and 97 in Chapter VIII(Local Self-government) are from the Japanese Constitution(1946), but the substantial meanings of them are from the constitutional documents during the Provisional Government and the Liberation Period(1945～1948). Forth, Article 98 in Chapter IX(Amendment to the Constitution) is the textual mix of the articles of the Chinese Constitutional Draft(1936), the Japanese Constitution(1946), and some constitutional documents during the Provisional Government and the Liberation Period.