쫑카빠의 『秘密集會安立次第論註釋』에 나타난 티벳밀교의 과제

A Subject of Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism shown on the Note of Je Tsong kha pa's Commentary on the Guhyasamaja-tantra's practice system by Nagabodhi

인도밀교의 성립사 가운데 인도후기밀교의 주류를 이룬 불교딴뜨리즘의 이론과 수행의 기초를 마련한 Jnanapada의 역할이 컸으며, 이를 다시 생기차제와 구경차제의 수행체계로 완성하는데 龍樹 수행유파가 공한하였다. Nagabodhi는 용수유파를 계승하면서 용수류가 남긴 양차제의 성취법을 토대로 『秘密集會安立次第論』을 저술하였다. 여기서 Nagabodhi는 인도후기밀교의 정비된 수행체계로서 양차제를 다루었을 뿐 아니라, 10세기 후반에 논의되었던 딴뜨라의 다양한 논의들을 반영시켰다. 이것은 인간이 살고 있는 우주, 자연의 실체와 인간의 탄생과 죽음을 딴뜨라의 논리에 의해 보다 실증적으로 접근해보려는 시도이며, 여기에는 유심론으로 치우쳤던 대승불교의 조류에 대해 심식과 외계를 本初佛(Adi-buddha)이라는 궁극적 원리로 통일하려는 의욕도 반영되었다. 쫑카빠는 Nagabodhi 의 이론들을 다양한 전거를 들어 증명하고 옹호하고 있다. 쫑카빠의 『安立次第論註釋』은 그가 『보리도차제론』과 『비밀도차제론』의 양부 대작을 저술한 다음에 이루어진 것으로 이후 티벳불교의 겔룩파의 밀교 뿐만 아니라, 티벳사회를 실질적으로 지배한 밀교의 다양한 이론들을 엿볼 수 있게 하는 것이다.

The foundation of latter period Esoteric Buddhism which was pervasive over the last period of Indian Buddhism was Tantric Buddhism, which was named Anuttarayoga Tantra by Buston who was an eminent scholar of Tibetna Buddhism in 14th century. It is a systematic logics of Madhyamaka and Cittamatra etc. that provided Esoteric Buddhism with a fine doctrinal system, so that Indian Mahayana Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism as its successors are equipped with dual practices and doctrines which in fact enabled Tibetan Buddhism to have traditions of importing Esoteric Buddhism with careful examination of doctrinal validity. The practice system of latter period Esoteric Buddhism was established by many schools like Jnanapada‘s and Nagarjuna's sects whose research was oriented with Guhyasamaja-tantra. The Jnanapada school left many works on Buddhism Tantras that contributed to the foundation of India's latter period Esoteric Buddhism, especially the result of the Suksma-yoga is important as it was devoted to the formation of practice system accomplishing Transit Body and Physical body into Sambhoga-kaya and Nirmana-kaya. It is the Nagarjuna school that succeeded Jnanapada school's system and developed it into a well organized system of Tantric practices. It is Nagabodhi who as a member of Nagarjuna school wrote the Commentary of Organizing Tantric Process, which work epitomized the entire practice of the Guhyasamaja-tantra's tradition reflecting new trends of Tantrism at that time Tsong kha pa, who founded the Geluk sect of Tibetan Buddhism, wrote the Commentary of Organizing Tantric Process by Nagabodhi which developed his new theory on the 'Visualization of Developing Physical Mundane World', 'State of Intermediate Body after Death', and 'the Process of Reincarnation', but Tsong kha pa preserved the fundamental tradition of dual practices of Generation Stage and Completion Stage.