폴란드 민족 운동사와 저항정신(Ⅱ)

The history of National Movements and spirits in Poland

폴란드에서는 2차 대전 이후 사회주의 체제하에서 다른 중동부 유 럽 어느 국가보다도 활발하게 자유 민주주의 민족저항 운동이 이어졌 다. 1956년 포즈나인 봉기를 시발점으로 하여 1968년 학생운동, 1970년 그다인스크 노동자 봉기, 1976년 우루수스, 라돔 노동자 시 위, 그리고 1980년 이른바 솔리다르노시치 자유노조 운동, 1989년 원 탁회의와 체제전환 등에 이르기까지 폴란드 국민들의 대공산 정부와 대 소련에 저항하는 민족운동은 폴란드 사회주의 체제뿐만 아니라 소 련의 중,동부 유럽 지배체제 전체를 흔들어 놓았다. 폴란드의 자유민주화 운동과 대 소련 저항운동은 전후 폴란드 사회 주의화 과정과 이후 공산정권의 정치, 경제, 사회, 문화 전반에 걸친 기본정책에 대한 불만의 표출임과 동시에 건국이후 수많은 서구 열강 의 침입에 저항했던 폴란드 역사의 특수성과 뿌리 깊은 반소 감정 그 리고 전통적으로 강한 가톨릭 신앙 등의 제 요인들이 복합적으로 작용 했기 때문이다.

spirits of national movements in 1970's in Poland. Poland's uncomfortable position within the Soviet bloc is aggravated by the strength of her traditional bonds with the West. After 123 years of Soviet supremacy, there are no signs that these bonds are weakening. Under Gierek's leaderships the political situation in Poland reached the same impasse that Gomuika was facing. The pattern of events repeated itself in a way that suggests that underlying causes of malaise were essentially the same for three years, in 1971-3, as in 1956-6, the new regime radiated confidence and optimism. Free discussion and a spirit of experimentation was in the air. The workers were wooed by an increase in wages, and by proper attention to differentials. A program of massive investment was started in those areas of the economy which might reasonably be expected to increase trade, improve agriculture or raise the standard of living. It was clear to all that Gierek had staked everything on economic success, but The oil crisis of 1974 together with the deepening recession in world trade, hit poland at a moment of great vulnerability in this situation. Gierek proceeded to precisely the same confrontation with the people that had humbled Gomuika only six years before. Having repeatedly postponed the long-promised rise in food prices he suddenly ordered the raise by 60 percent. Strike, protests and demonstrations broke out in all most every town and factory in the country and The election of the polish pope injected new spirit of self-esteem into the private lives of many Poles. It was a spiritual experience and a exercise in self-discipline which no one in Poland could easily forget. The emergence of Solidarity must be seen as the Culmination of a long process. It was the agency of a Spotane Ous movement for national revival.