곰브로비츠의 『트란스 아틀란틱』에 나타난 “폴란드 민족성”(polskość)

The Polishness characterized in the novel Trans-Atlantyk by W. Gombrowicz

양차대전　사이　폴란드　문학을　대표하는　소설가　비톨드　곰브로비츠（Witold Gombrowicz, 1904-1969)는　폴란드　국내에서는　물론　해외에서도　널리　인정받은　작가이다．올해는　곰브로비츠　탄생　100주년이　되는　해이다.　곰브로비츠는『페르디두르케』,『트란스－아틀란틱』，『포르노그라피아』　등의　대표작들을　통해　　그로테스크 하고　익살스런　기법을　동원하여　폴란드 문학의 전통적인 성향에 냉철한 비판을 가했다.『트란스－아틀란틱』에서　곰브로비츠는　폴란드　컴플렉스（kompleks polski)의　근원이　되고　있는　　폴란드인들의　전형적인　민족성을　　어떻게　하면　활력의　근원으로　전환시킬　수　있을까하는　문제를　제기하고　있다．이　소설이야말로　곰브로비츠　문학세계를　가장　명쾌하게　보여주는　작품이라고　할　수　있다．본　논문에서는‘폴란드적인　것’（polskość)에　정면으로　반기를　들고　있는　『트란스－아틀란틱』을　통해서　폴란드　이민사회의　비현실적이고　가식적인 모습과，과거의　의식에서　벗어나지　못하고　무의미하게　반복하고　있는　언행　및　생활방식 등을　분석하고　있 다．

Trans-Atlantyk written in a language that parodies the baroque style Polish in the 17th century, is the most strange novel among the works by Witold Gombrowicz (1905-1969). Gombrowicz grew up in a well-to do gentry family in Poland and studied law at the University of Warsaw and philosophy and economics in Paris. He made his literary debut in 1933 with Memoirs of an Adolescent (Pamiętnik z okresu dojrzewania). The grotesque memoirs of an infantile youth was a protest against "forms" of Polish public life which are as false as tailor's dummies or masks. Another novel by him, Ferdydurke (1938), unveils the myths cultivated in Polish society. Gombrowicz lived in Argentina from 1939 to 1963 before he came to West Berlin. In 1964 he moved to France and lived there until his death in 1969. After leaving Poland in 1939, he never saw his country again. Trans-Atlantyk published in 1953 in Paris, exposes the stereotype and the relics of Sarmatian culture of Polish society in Buenos Aires. The hero of the novel Trans-Atlantyk Gombrowicz comes to Buenos Aires in August 1939 on a cruise where he is stranded by the outbreak of World War II. He alone gets down from the Polish cruise ship when it leaves to England. His friend, leaving Buenos Aires on the cruise ship, asks Gombrowicz to register at the Polish Embassy not to be treated as a deserter. Gombrowicz goes to the embassy and sees there the typical anachronistic mentality of the Polish diplomats. Isolated from homeland, Gombrowicz has only 96 dollars, with which he can live no longer than two months. He therefore must find a job. He visits a Pole named Cieciszowski, who lives in Buenos Aires. Cieciszowski introduces Gombrowicz to the Polish business men, Baron, Pyckal and Ciumkała, through whom Gombrowicz comes to know the life style and manner of Polish emigrants Polonia society which is imprisoned in the Polish retarded “form” polskość. To liberate the Poles from the Sarmatian polskość (Polishness) which paralyses the Polish society, Gombrowicz introduces a new metaphor “son-sonland” (syn-synczyzna) replacing “father-fatherland”(ojciec-ojczyzna) which concentrates more on the remote past, not the future.