만주에서의 폴란드 이민사(移民史)와 그 활동

The History of Polish Emigration and its Activity in Manchuria

Started of the end of the XIX i XX is century polish colony in Manchuria survived over 50 years. During that times the conditions of life there changed a few times. The history of polish colony in Manchuria until 1935 one can divide into three periods. 1. Founding and development of the colony(since 1898 to 1916 y.) 2. Increase in number and the begining of decline(since 1917 to 1924 y.) 3. The decline period and the end of the colony (since 1925 to 1949 y.) The beginning period of the colony. connected with founding the Earth-China Railway gave the possibility of fast increase in number and great chance of promotion. In short time the colony reached the number of 7 thousand people. Lots of them had important state jobs and the majority had safe economic base. But the chance to fulfill the national tradition was very restricted and staying in russian enviroment encouraged Russification. The changed caused by the war and the revolution took every the nation restrictions and shortly increased the number of the colony. but at the same time they destroyed the economic base of the majority of Poles. The result of was mass re-emigration to Poland. In this situation the existence of the colony in the second half of the 20 y. and 30 y. We should consider. despite some important doubts- quite satisfying. We need to realize that offer the last wave of emigration at the beginning of the thirties the whole colony consisted of 1.500 people. which is the sam as a big polish village. Out of that about 90 percent were manufacturers and workers and people with no income. In this situation the fact of having or weekly magazines through all that period (end for a few years also a second one "Far East") of lively working "Gospoda Polska" and its various sections , youth and sport organizations must be recognized as a success of very little group of Polish intelligent. Enormous impact comes from a few most splendid representatives of the colony. A great role played also a Polish consulate in Harbin and the enthusiasm of its workers. Also some impulse and help both financial and spritual coming from Poland were of great value. Finally , an to have of support from Japanese government whiles actually rules in the country made in Manchuria called Mandzukuo. The explosion of the second world war made the polish colony' s situations worse and its and getting the power by Chinese communists brought the end of the colony. The Polish people left and any material signs of their life there all disappeared. The ones who left. still didn't cause any shame for the colony. Out of them there came some extraordinary characters a writer. creater of an experimental historial novel - Teoder Parnicki , a professor of AGH considered to be a father of polish mining - Juliusz Samujllo , a few great sinologists with Edward Kajdanski on top. From the older generation K. Grochowski and W. Pelc deserves some special attention. As for the number of the polish colony and he conditions it had to be in , they gives it a good presentation.