러시아 3대두마(1907-1912)

The Russian Third Duma(1907-1912): The Application of the Bonapartism-Concept to the "system of June Third"

The period 1905-1917 is a subject that has drawn vehement scholarly debates In political terms. the most significant fact was that as a result of the Revolution of 1905 the political system has changed , although mere formally and temporarily. from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy. The dissolution of the reformatory first and second Dumas , however. was followed by the third one which was formed according to the election law of June 3. 1907. During the so-called System of June Third (третъенюнская снстема) Russian society lost on the whole the accomplishment of the Revolution of 1905 and returned to the Ancient Regime. The System of June Third was a topic concerned with the application of the concept of Bonapartism. which had been theoretically offered by Marx and Angels and is often used in analyzing Facism. Bonapartism was used by Lenin for the first time in characterizing the System of June Third and later received and developed by scholars of the Soviet Union. A review of the course of the political development of Russia. however. may raise a fundamental question whether the application of Bonapartism to the System of June Third is adequate or not. This question would not only test the application bounds and generality of Bonapartism but also enrich our understanding of such things as the role and political aim of the czar system in the reform of Russia after the Rovolution of 1905. the reason for the failure of the Revolution , and the political and social circumstances of Russia on the eve of the October Revolution. This article examines the propriety of the application of Bonapartism to the analysis of the System of June Third. For this purpose , the author first reviews the concept of Bonapartism formed by Marx and Angels shedding light on its essential factors revealed in their major works. The second chapter deals with the birth and growth of the third Duma and includes the political development thereafter. The last chapter indicates the various problems in applying Bonapartism to the System of June Third through a critical investigation of such essential factors of Bonapartism as class-balance. state independence from classes. and the two themes offered by Lenin - the‘Two Majorities’ of the third Duma and the 'Tack Tactic' of the czar system.