중ㆍ동유럽의 민주화 : 헝가리 체제전환 사례

The East-Central European Democratization : A Hungarian Case

The most traditional and conventional problem of political science has been that of nalyzing 'democratization'. The term /democracy’ indicates both a set of ideals and a political system The collapse of the old political system in Central and Eastern Europe had been one of the most dramatic since the end of the World War II. However, there is not yet a general theory on the transition from the Communist system to democracy. We have only the indirectly applicable theories for the early democratic transitions in Lation America and Southern Europe. The theories on the past two experiences of democratization are partly or fully relevant to understand the transition process in East-Central Europe. The process of transition involves two analytically distinct but empirically interrelated phenomenon the dismantling the ancien regime and the emerging the new one. G. O'Donnel and his colleagues defined ’transition’ as "the interval between one political regime and another". Especially they had identified the 4 central elements of the transitions as follows; a split within the regine between hard-liners , a pact-making or negotiated agreements , popular mobilization and founding elections. The political process of transition in Hungary was verified to satisfy the framework suggested by a’Donne!. It was really peaceful one. The soft-liners constituted of reform-oriented econimists and technocrats who had carried out the economic reform in the Kadar system. While the apearance of the democratic opposition in 1977 was directly influenced by the 77 chart in Prague.They had strengthened their political position in the second half of the 1980s when the Kadar system had fallen into the 'protracted crisis'. And finally they became political partners of the reformwings in the ruling circle. The peaceful revolution of the 1989 was achieved by the ’political negotiation' from two camps. This process continued through the Opposition Roundtable to the National Roundtable talks. The systemic change in Hungary was made by the negotiations, so it could be called as "negotiated revolutions." The Civil Society and People, however, were thorougly alienated from the political process. The low turn-out in the election may be a indications of the alienation.