百濟山城用水施設에 대한 檢討

A Study on the Water Facilities in Baekje Mountain fortress

본고에서는 연못, 지당, 집수정, 우물 등 여러 명칭으로 혼용되는 산성 용수시설에 대한 개념정리와 기능을 파악하고자 백제산성 용수시설을 검토하였다. 검토결과 백제산성 용수시설은 지하수를 사용한 우물, 지표수를 사용한 집수지(저지대 계곡부)와 저수조(정상부 평탄면)등 세 가지로 정리할 수 있었다. 그리고, 백제산성은 지하수원인 우물은 거의 사용하지 않고, 대부분 지표수원을 사용한 집수지와 저수조를 사용하였음을 알 게 되었다. 한편, 지표수인 집수지와 저수조는 입지에 따라 입수방식과 기능이 뚜렷이 구분된다. 첫째, 집수지는 저지대 계곡부에 위치하여 성내 高地의 괥水를 모으며, 주로 장마와 같은 집중 폭우기간 성내의 물길을 잡아 성밖으로 배출하는 기능을 하였다. 둘째, 저수조는 정상부 평탄면에 위치하며, 입수방식은 직접 물을 길어다 붓는 형태로서 선별된 양질의 食水를 저장할 수 있는 물탱크 같은 기능을 하였다. 이러한 기능에 따라 집수지는 성내의 고저차가 큰 대규모 산성에서만 설치되었고, 고저차가 작고 협소한 소규모 산성에서는 설치되지 않았다. 반면, 저수조는 산성의 대·소규모 상관없이 모든 성내에서 필수적으로 설치되어 식수를 공급하였다. 이 같은 현황은 백제만이 아니라 고구려 및 신라산성에서도 확인되며, 검토결과 삼국시대 산성의 일반적인 현황임을 알 수 있었다. 이외에도 백제산성에서는 저수조 가운데, 성벽 및 문지와 접하여 소규모 저수조(평면 5.2㎡이하)를 별도로 설치한 특징이 살펴졌다. 이 같은 특징은 王城을 포함한 대부분의 백제산성에서 확인되는데, 검토결과 성벽 및 문지 주변에 설치하여 적의 화공에 대비한 소화수 기능을 하였던 것으로 파악되었다. 이 같은 특징은 고구려 및 신라산성에서 볼 수 없는 것으로서 백제산성만이 지니는 독특한 특징이라 할 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to definitely arrange a concept and grasp function on the water facilities of fortress, which are used by being mixed into several names such as pond, Jidang(池塘), collecting well and a well. Thus, examination was progressed targeting the water facilities in Baekje Mountian fortress. As a result of examining, the water facilities of fortress could be arranged a concept with three kinds such as a well of using underground water, receiving reservoir(valley part of the lowland) of using surface water, and water tank(flat side of the top part). Baekje Mountian fortress could be known to have used receiving reservoir and water tank of using mostly surface water source without almost using a well, which is underground water source. On the other hand, receiving reservoir and water tank were definitely divided a method of getting water and the function according to location. First, receiving reservoir was located in the valley part of lowland, thereby having collected the flowing water of high ground, and functioned as discharging it to the outside of fortress by grasping a waterway within the fortress mainly during the torrential downpours like rainy season. Second, Water tank is located in the flat side of the top part. A method of getting water is a form of directly carrying to pour water. It functioned like water tank available for storing drinking water in good quality that was selected. According to this function, Receiving reservoir is installed only in large fortress with big difference in high and low within the fortress, and wasn't installed in the narrowly small fortress with small difference in high and low. On the other hand, water tank was installed necessarily within all the fortresses regardless of large·small fortress, thereby having supplied drinking water. This present status is confirmed even in Goguryeo and Silla fortress as well as Baekje. As a result of examining, it could be known to be the general present status of fortress in the period of the Three States. Even in addition to this, in Baekje Mountian fortress, the characteristic was examined that installed separately small water tank(ground plan in under 5.2㎡) by being close to fortress wall and door hinges in the middle of water tank. This characteristic is confirmed in most of Baekje Mountian fortress including a castle of a kingdom(王都, 王城). As a result of examining, it was grasped to have functioned as fire–extinguishing water in preparation for fire attack by being installed around the fortress wall and the door hinges. This characteristic cannot be seen in Goguryeo and Silla fortress, thereby being able to be said to be unique feature that only Baekje Mountian fortress has.