林丹汗索賞與崇禎朝遼東撫賞政策之重整

Liaodong Peninsula in the Chong-Zhen Era

明朝開國後，與蒙古一直是敵對關係，期間，蒙古經歷數次分裂，勢力衰微，部分蒙古部落內附明朝，居住於長城沿線衛所，每年領取明朝撫賞銀，從事守邊、哨探任務，此羈縻政策遂成為明末北邊軍政重要的一環。萬曆末年，明金戰爭開啟後，游牧於長城沿邊的數十萬蒙古族成為明、金(1636 年後為清)兩大強權間的緩衝勢力，雙方都不敢輕忽，明朝更亟欲拉攏蒙古以鞏固日益危急的邊防。天啟、崇禎之交，蒙古插酋—韃靼林丹汗崛起，取代原在宣府、大同、山西領取撫賞銀的順義王卜失兔之地位，並欲承襲其利權，興兵威迫明朝承認，因此而生崇禎初年一段對外的財政檢討。本文藉此探討明末北方邊境蒙古族出自現實考量下的反應，及明朝重整困乏財政的策略，以釐清明、金、蒙三者間的互動關係和明金力量消長終至易代的主要原因。在晚明遼東與金作戰的佈局中，撫賞銀雖然不是主軸，卻在維繫明與蒙古間扮演關鍵索鏈的角色。蒙古向來是漠南到遼東這一廣闊之區的主要居民，林丹汗索賞除了因龐大銀兩的驅使外，還有以元帝裔耀武揚威的意涵在。明思宗、皇太極能成功籠絡蒙古者，將穩控遼東之勢，林丹汗亦知悉此理，他不只在夾縫中求發展，更欲與兩者鼎足而立，戰時遼東亟需物資，總數達5,794,723.144 兩的撫賞銀對蒙古而言是最大資源所在，故使明蒙因此對話，也突顯出撫賞銀政策在這段歷史中不容忽視的影響力。

The Ming Empire had always kept in a state of hostility with Mongolia after its establishment. For the duration, Mongolia split up into opposing parts and decayed in the course of time. Some Mongol tribes attached to the Ming Empire, lived next to the Wei-So along the Great Wall. They drew ‘pacific fund’ from the Ming court every year and engaged in affairs of national defence. This was an important part of the detainment and mollification policy in the north borderland from the initial stage to the late Wan-li Era. The Ming-Qing War continued for about thirty years later and these several ten hundred thousands of Mongolian played an undisregard buffer force between the two large ones. Both Ming and Qing wanted to rope Mongol in its own military actions. On the occasion of Tian-Qi and Chong-Zheng Eras, Lin-Dan Khan rose abruptly in Shan-Xi, replaced Bu-Shi-Tu, Prince of Shun-Yi, as the leader of Mongolian and forced the Ming court to recognize the plain facts. Therefore, the Chong-Zheng court began to inspect the state of finance. In this dissertation, I try to look up how Mongolian react to this difficult situation through their prudent thought and what was the Ming court’s policy to rearrange its hard finance, and clarified the interaction relationship among the three. On the overall arrangement of the Liaodong Peninsula during the Ming-Jing War, the ‘pacific fund’ was not a spindle but a main chain between Ming and Mongolia. From the south of the Gobi Desert to Liaodong, since Mongolia was always the chief inhabitant here, its leader Lin-Dan Khan asked huge pecuniary reward as much as he could and showed off his military strength to Ming. Lin-Dan Khan was the one of Genghis Khan’s lineal descent. Anyone who wanted to control the Liaodong Peninsula steadily could not ignore him. He searched any chance to grow in strength on the crack between the two countries. It was short of supplies on that wide area during the long wartime, so the ‘pacific fund’ became the largest resource to Lin-Dan Khan. The total amount aggregated 5,794,723.144 taels. Besides the ‘pacific fund’, the Ming government also prepared furs, much cloth, teas, and pearls for Mongolia. Through the business transactions, Mongolia tribes and Ming talked to each others, formed an alliance, and took what they needed. The ‘pacific fund’ policy has the significant influence in this time. We ought to investigate this historical affair more deeply.