中晚唐墓誌中的疾病與醫療書寫

The Wrting of Illness and Medicine in Epitaph During Mid and Late Tang Period

近年의 醫療社會史 연구는 매우 활성화되어 있다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 중국의 中古社會의 醫療史연구 성과는 근현대 醫療史연구에 비해 훨씬 낙후되어 있었다. 그 원인은 주로 사료의 결핍과 이론적 바탕의 부족 때문이었다. 재료적인 측면에서 보면, 전통적인 醫學史연구는 고대의 醫藥文獻에서 제공하는 資訊來源에 의존하는 전통적인 사고에서 벗어나 새로운 資訊을 추구하는 과정을 거쳐야 한다. 본 연구는 墓誌資料 로서 墓主의 생애.職官制度.家族譜系.禮葬習俗等문제의 해답에서 첫 번째 資訊을 제시하고자 한다. 그러나 현재 여러 가지 “諛詞”한 墓誌文本이 존재하기 때문에 연구자들이 사회문화를 반영한 효과적인 資訊을 발굴하기가 어렵다. 필자는 唐中晩時期의 많은 墓誌材料를 수집했다. 이것들을 고찰한 결과 비록 많은 墓誌에서 유사한 중복이 많아 “상투적인 격식”에 빠지기 쉽지만 그들 사유 속의 일부 흥미로운 사상관념을 볼 수 있었다. 이것은 唐前期에 駢文이 성행하던 風格과는 서로 달랐고, 唐中晩시기의 墓誌에 보편적으로 나타나는 寫實의 성향과 관련이 있었다. 이와 같은 성향의 변화는 우리들에게 의료사회문제를 연구하는 데에 있어서 귀중한 契機를 제시하고 있다. 필자는 前人들이 연구한 성과를 고찰한 결과 다음과 같은 몇 가지 초보적인 발견을 했다. 첫째, 唐人들의 致病觀과 用藥選擇은 전통적인 漢地醫學의 영향과 외래적인 요인의 영향이 모두 포함되어 있다. 둘째, 일반적인 士大夫들의 의료지식은 주로 儒家經典에서 왔기 때문에 고대 醫者에 대해 선택적으로 인정했다. 셋째, 의료선택에 있어서 종교의 지배를 받을 뿐만 아니라 巫와 醫를 동시에 중시하는 현상이 존재했다. 넷째, 대도시 주변의 중하급관리와 친족들은 ‘求醫問藥’에 있어 대도시로 집중하는 현상 등이 그것이다. 墓誌에 대한 분석을 통하여 필자는 당시의 전반적인 문제의 해답을 얻기는 어렵지만 일부 진귀한 啓示를 받을 수 있었다.

The research in medical society history has been reaching a high level in recent years. But the academic accomplishments in medieval China fall greatly behind its counterpart in recent & modern times. The reason due partly to there isn’t so many original documents as well as the scholars who majoring in this area have merely aware of the importance of theoretical exploration. It’s universally known that the study of epitaphs in Tang China pay more attention to the aspects as follows: enriching the biography of epitaph’s master; their experiences in bureaucratic organizations; constructing the family tree of certain prominent clan; the ritual custom in funeral ceremony and so forth. The scholars can be provided with valid data from these ancient stone texts that are deemed as the firsthand materials. But, these inscriptions were constantly bubbled with a great deal of flattering words that being considered unbelievable. Thus, it’s difficult to demonstrate the genuine details that reflecting the popular ideas of that time. However, the author reveals that there is indeed credible information within the repeating sentences ascribing to the tendency of searching for actual writing style, which in sharply contrast with the style of parallel essays(駢文) in the first part of the Tang dynasty. Actually, obscure expressions between the lines tell us of interesting secrets about our ancestor’s mind. As far as medical content concerned, what kind of opinions for average individuals towards illness in middle & late Tang period? When the doctor diagnosis & put into treatment, what vocational expectation in folk’s mind living in the second part of Tang China. How about the impression on the ancient doctors who mentioned in the epitaphs, which given by Tang folks learning from Classic books of Confucian? How the doctors & witches separately play a role in people’s medical activities? How the religious belief had an influence on their choices of treatment? What actions they would be taken under the circumstance of scarce medicine? The differentiation of Hu (胡) & Han in medieval epoch whether embodied in the process of medical choices, just like the different between traditional medicine and Western cure adopted in contemporary China? What sorts of diseases people were easy to be contracted in Tang period? And these frequent ailments whether have something with the environmental factors and keep the same acquisition with regular historical documents? What’s more, whether the male & female have their separate particular expressions in epitaph’s inscription? I believe above questions could be worked out more or less, so had a initial try to illustrate the historic value throughout reading and analysis the content of them. Firstly, I discover that the awareness of catching ill either the traditional ideas of liuyin (六淫) or the exotic views was at work, especially the Buddhist ideology, namely the sida(四大) as powerful mind that may be deeply influenced the authors of these epitaphs derived from the philosophy of ancient India. Meanwhile, the exotic conception also was recorded in the documents of scroll unveiled in Dunhuang at the beginning of twenty century; The most of scholars in that time have little medical knowledge that may both acquired from the doctor’s words when they were invited to diagnosis and the Classic books of Confucian. Therefore, they identified ancient doctors with optional condition. Not only people believe can the religious prayer be cured their ill, including Buddhists & Taoists, but in people’s eyes the witches seem to have the same status with doctors. Of course, the opinion still needs to be further warranted by more verdicts. It’s very interesting to see that the officials along with their family members were prone to move near Metropolis, which likewise existing in modern China.