清“冒破物料”律考

The Code “imitate and demolish the project material”

所謂“冒破物料”，一般而言是指在公事修造過程中，工匠、主管官吏侵欺物料，虛數開報或督察官吏知情扶同，怠慢誤事。但由於“冒破物料”是一個立法概念，所以隨著立法所賦予其在內容和範圍上的變化，其內涵也是處於變化之中的。在現掌握的法律文獻當中，有關“冒破物料”的直接規定最早見諸《唐律疏議》，列於“擅興律”下，名為“營繕令”；《宋刑統》中仍把相關律條列於“擅興律”下，但易名為“興造料請”；《大元通制條格》中將相關律條列于營繕門下，名曰“造作”；《大明律》始列於工律之下，正式定名為“冒破物料”；《大清律例》因襲《大明律》，規定了“冒破物料”律，但有清一代（尤其是清前期）曾經對律文進行了修改，而且又分別于雍正三年、四年、十年、十三年、乾隆二年、四年、五年、十年等多次增刪和修訂“例”。而在“律”、“例”頻繁變化的背後，又隱藏著深刻的歷史背景，每一次律例的變化都脫生於深重的社會積弊。本文即以“冒破物料”律為考察物件，展開論述。

Generally speaking, ““imitate and demolish the project material”” was the action that the craftsman and the functionary deceitfully encroach on or mendaciously report the project materiel, as well as the action of the supervisor’s misprision and pretermission, in the process of official construction. However, the meaning of ““imitate and demolish the project material””which was a conception in legislation was of diversification, with the variety brought by legislation in the aspects of content and context. ““Imitate and demolish the project material”” was an accumulative abuse in constructing project in the history. ““Imitate and demolish””was extremely a prevalent phenomenon, ranging from building palace and shrine, or building dyke, road and bridge, to storing falsework and purchasing small material. This essay triesto textually research the historical transformation of the statute concerning ““imitate and demolish the project material””y, to carry up the attaching ordinances one by one, and to analyze the background and the causation concerning with the diversification and development.