近代 中國의 國籍法과 朝鮮人 歸化政策

The Nationality Law and the Korean Naturalization Policy in Modern China

This paper investigates the 'Korean naturalization policy' and the 'movement for the Korean naturalization' since the late Qing Dynasty until Beijing and Nanjing Period of modern China. During the first period(the late Qing Dynasty), Korean immigrants to Manchuria increased each year because the Dynasty lifted the blockade of Manchuria. The Qing government forcedly executed assimilation policy to Koreans who passed across the border. Koreans were obliged to do the same hair style and to wear clothes as those of Manchurians. Once they were naturalized, they paid taxes like Chinese and had their own land. This was the beginning of the Korean nationality issue. The Qing government strictly. adopted the 'nationality law' in order to limit the number of the naturalized people. Koreans, through their own organizations, pursued the land ownership and the self-government of Koreans. Particularly, Ganmingyoyukhoe(Pioneer's Education Society) made an important role in the naturalization movement. However, as Qing and Japan concluded 'Kanto Agreement' in 1909, Koreans' nationality issue became more complicated. The mionister of Yanji ordered the revision of the 'nationality law' and as a result, the living time needed for the naturalization reduced from 10 years to 5 years and Pioneer's Education Society executed the naturalization procecdure. During the second period(Beijing government period), the Jilin Province government mainly carried out the Korean naturalization policy because it was where Koreans lived most and the Japanese influence was the strongest. The Jilin Province government encouraged Koreans to naturalize by giving them land ownership, voting rights, eligibility for election and rights to become officials. While Koreans' naturalization surged after the annexation, many Koreans regarded the naturalization as a means of land ownership, not as loyalty to China. Koreans went to Japan when the Chinese regulations got stronger and they went to China when the Japanese regulations got stronger. The Jilin Province government encouraged the naturalization but was aware of the possibility that Japan might make use of Koreans for invasion to Manchuria. The naturalization policy of the province government became severe after the 'Mitsuya Agreement'. During the third period(Nanjing government period), the Chinese government executed the rigid naturalization policy, in fact 'the prohibition of naturalization'. The Chinese government suspected that the Japanese policy makers tried to buy Chinese territory by using the naturalization of Koreans. At that time, a Korean organization, Gangguhoe sent delegates to the Jilin Province government and demanded 'protection of the naturalized Koreans'. Responding to the request, the Jilin Province government proposed that Koreans finish the naturalization procedure within 6 months and instead they mitigate the policy. Organizing 'Same Town Society of Naturalized Koreans', Gangguhoe promoted naturalization movement. In the meantime, the 'Chinese nationality law' was announced and the detailed regulations troubled Koreans. Moreover, there included a discriminative clause which meat that the naturalized persons and their family could not work in the public office. So the new nationalty law prevented Koreans from naturalizing. The Jilin Province government's strong policy also aggravated Koreans' situation all over Manchuria. However, 'Same Town Society of Naturalized Koreans' negotiated with the central government and succeeded in cutting the living time for the naturalization from 5 years to 2 years and also, lowering the commission for Koreans' naturalization. This change influenced the Jilin Province government, which reduced the living time and expressed the positive policy of encouraging naturalization, too. Each province government was permitted to issue naturalization certificates. The establishment of Manchukuo brought a lot of change.