Along with industrialization and urbanization from mid 60’s, the city of Seoul, the capital of Korea adopted nightsoil treatments for dry latrines, septic tanks for flush toilets and sewage treatment for its sanitation problems along with relocation of industries from city centers and the Han river rehabilitation. With these multiple efforts of the last 40 years, the BOD downstream showed 10mg/L in early stage, 5 mg/L in mid 80’s, and currently 3mg/L in annual average. It was found the BNR (biological nutrient removal) processes improved the treatment efficiencies both for nightsoil and sewage. The BNR mode of operation for sewage improved its effluent from 10.5 mg/L to 6.9mg/L BOD.
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