大学招生中的“地域歧视”与国家的宪法义务

Geographical Discrimination in College Enrollment and the Constitutional Obligation

大学招生中的“地域歧视”主要表现在两个方面：一是高等教育资源配置和招生指标分配极不合理；二是高考录取分数线和录取率悬殊过大。教育平等权是宪法所确认和保障的公民的基本权利。国家作为这项权利的义务承担者，不仅不能制定任何歧视性的法规和政策，而且还要通过积极的作为，为权利受到侵害的公民提供有效的救济，从而使教育平等权从“应有权利”或“法定权利”转变为“实有权利”。 教育平等权即平等地接受教育的权利，“是指公民依法享有的要求国家积极提供均等的受教育条件和机会，通过学习来提高其个性、才智和身心能力，以获得平等的生存和发展机会的基本权利。”这既是我国宪法所规定的公民的基本权利，也是《世界人权宣言》、《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》等国际法文件确认和保障的一项重要的社会权利。然而，在我们国家，恰恰是在大学招生这个环节上，长期存在着明显的“城市取向”和“地域歧视”，严重违反了宪法规定的平等原则。作为一项宪法基本权利，教育平等权的义务承担者主要是国家。在保障高等教育机会平等方面，国家机关不仅不能制定任何歧视性的法规和政策，而且还要积极的作为，为该项权利受到侵害的公民提供有效的救济。只有这样，才能逐步做到“高等教育应根据成绩而对一切人平等开放”，使教育平等权从“应有权 利”或“法定权利”转变为“实有权利”。

Education should pay especially importance to equality during the process of promoting social equality. There is a long-term geographical discrimination practice for China during its college enrollment process, which could be revealed in the following two aspects: firstly, the allocation of resources and enrollment rate is extremely unreasonable; and the second, the gap between the college entrance examination admission line and the college entrance admission rate in each province is too large. The equal right to education is a kind of constitutional fundamental right for each national, and State undertakes its obligation to protect it powerfully and effectively. In order to achieving the full realization of this right, both legislations combating discrimination and providing effective redress are necessary. Only by doing in this way, the object, i.e. higher education shall be made equally accessible to all on the basis of capacity could be realized, and the equal right to education could be viewed as a kind of realistic right, not a kind of ethical or legal right.