백제 가람의 삼단계 위계를 갖는 가구식기단 연구

A Study on the Foundation Made of Processed Subsidiary Materids Used for Baekje Temples Which Were Built in Three Ranks of Order

백제시대 건물의 기단 중 가구식기단은 가장 발달된 형식으로 최고의 건축미를 보이는데 주로 사찰에서만 확인된다. 가구식기단은 불의 공간인 탑과 금당, 승의 공간인 강당, 생활공간인 중문ㆍ회랑ㆍ승방이라고 하는 위계에 따라 이중기단, 단층기단, 간략기단으로 조성된다. 가구식기단이 처음 나타나는 곳은 능산리사지인데 목탑지와 금당지에서만 이중기단이 사용되었다. 다음으로 왕흥사지에서는 강당지에서 단층기단의 예가 보이나 아직까지 가구식기단으로만 만들어진 삼단계 위계를 갖는 기단구조는 출현하지 않았던 것으로 보인다. 그 후 부여 금강사지 강당지나 익산 연동리사지 금당지에서 간략기단이 사용되어지는 것으로 보아 600년 경에는 삼단계 위계질서를 갖는 기단구조가 성립되었을 것으로 판단된다. 그리고 대관사지의 금당지ㆍ강당지 및 동쪽에 위치한 건물지 일부에서 나타나는 기단구조는 삼단계 위계를 보이고, 이후 제석사와 미륵사가 창건되면서 회랑 내곽에 가장 완벽한 삼단계 위계의 가구식기단 의장구조가 완성된다. 즉, 능산리사지-왕흥사지-대관사지-제석사지-미륵사지 순서로 왕실 건립의 사찰이 완성 되어가면서 가구식기단구조는 발전적인 모습을 보이는데 익산 단계에 들어와서는 우주의 설치나 계단석의 구조 등 가구식기단의 가장 완벽한 모습을 보여주고 있다는 점에서 끊임없이 새로움을 추구하는 백제인의 창의성을 엿볼 수 있다.

The foundation made of processed subsidiary materials which was found mostly at temples only was one of the most highly developed forms of technology employed for building works in Baekje era with its uppermost beautiful aspect of architecture. It was usually built in the form of double, single and abridged ones in line with the order of ranks from the pagoda and main building of a temple, as space for Buddha, to the lecture hall, as space for Buddhist priests, and to the middle gate, corridor and Buddhist nunnery, as space for living quarters of monks. Such foundation appeared first from the site of Neungsan-ri Temple, as its double form was used only at the sites of the main pagoda and building. Subsequently, an example of single-layer foundation was found at the site of the lecture hall of Wangheung Temple while not a 3-layer-rank structure of the foundation made exclusively of processed subsidiary materials has yet been seemingly excavated there so far. Since, however, some usage of the abridged form was confirmed from excavation at the sites of the lecture hall in Geumgang Temple and the main building at the temple site in Yeondong-ri, Iksan-si, it is believed that 3-layer structure of foundation was fully established starting already around 600 AD. As evidences for this, signs of 3-layer structures were shown at the site for the main building and lecture hall of Daegwan Temple and in some part of building sites to its eastern side. The perfect 3-layer decorative structure of the foundation made of processed subsidiary materials could be found along the internal edge of the corridor built later at the inauguration of Jeseok and Mireuk Temples. In other word, it may be said that the structure of the foundation made of processed subsidiary materials developed progressively in parallel with completion of royal-run Buddhist temples that were finished in order of Neungsan-ri, Wangheung, Daegwan, Jeseok and Mireuk Temples as shown in their sites, respectively. During the period of Iksan, the perfect form of such foundation could be found in terms of installation of column-shaped subsidiary materials at both sides of foundation or stones used for stairs, witnessing creative spirit of the people in the era of Baekje Kingdom who did not stop pursuing something new for perfection.