高麗時代의 軍制와 僧軍

A Study of the Military System(軍制) and the Monk Army(僧軍) in the Koryo Dynasty - Centering of the embodiment of Suwon monks(隨院僧徒) in the regular army -

The present study examined the process of the embodiment of Suwon monks in military service in the Koryo Dynasty, dividing it into three parts. First, we examined the monk army under Bubyeong system(府兵制) in the early Koryo Dynasty. The military activities of the monk army had been from the Period of the Three Kingdoms, but they became more active in the Koryo Dynasty. Suwon monks in the early Koryo Dynasty were common people in charge of labor service but did not do military service. In wartime, however, the government levied them and embodied in the regular army. The monk army had prominent fighting power. The army achieved brilliant war results at the Seogyeong Battle in the 2nd war between Koryo and Georan in the 1st year of King Hyeonjong (1010), and made a great contribution to defeating Geumsan’s(金山) army of the Ryo(遼) Dynasty in the 3rd year of King Gojong (1216). Second, we examined the Hangma Army(降魔軍) belonging to Byeolmuban(別武班) in the period of King Sukjong. The Koryo Dynasty organized Byeolmuban in the 9th year of King Sukjong (1104) to cope with the cavalry of Yeojin(女眞). Byeolmuban was composed of Singi Army(神騎軍), Sinbo Army(神步軍), Special Army and Hangma Army(降魔軍). The Hangma Army consisted mainly of Suwon monks. Until now, the Hangma Army has been regarded as infantry. However, because Byeolmuban was created in preparation against the cavalry of Yeojin, it is highly possible that the Hangma Army is cavalry. On the other hand, historical record that those who escaped from military service pretended to be monks and engaged in stock farming suggests that the Hangma Army might be a cavalry unit. Third, we examined the monk army as a private army during the military regime. The coup de tat by military ministers in the Koryo Dynasty transformedthe society from Shilla-centered to Koguryo-centered. The political change brought the shift of generation from the Gyo sect(敎宗) to the Zen sect(禪宗) in the circle of Buddhism. The Gyo sect, which lost its vested rights, stood against the military regime, putting up the monk army that was a private army. On the other hand, the military regime adhered to the Zen sect confronting the Gyo sect. This is why Choi Chung-heon(崔忠獻) supported Suseon-sa Temple(修禪社)