현대중국 역사교과서의 역사

A History of Modern Chinese History Textbooks s from 1949 to 2006

For 40 years since the People’s Republic of China had been established, the history textbooks of China were exclusively published and supplied by the people Education Press founded in 1950. However, after China reformed and opened the textbook market to a qualification system, the market entered into competition. About 100 publishing companies in China have published about 3,600 kinds of textbooks by 2004 and they are still intensely competing with each other. The history textbooks of China have been changed over 10 times because they were closely related to the political situation of China. The books were originally based on the Marxism, the Leninism, the Mao Zedong thought, and the dialectical and historical materialism. However, recent history textbooks published after the reformation and opening showed that the ideology in the books had slightly been changed. China had used the programbased system of the Soviet Union style for 50 years, but gradually moved to the curriculum standardbased system of the United America style. In addition, only one textbook of the history was published by the People Education Press before the reformation and opening, but now many different kinds of the textbooks are published. Educational styles have also shifted from an instructional standpoint by teachers to a learning based curriculum for students. Recently published textbooks showed the size of the books was enlarged and the quality of the paper and print was significantly improved; they contained color prints. China changed the history textbook and curriculum and put considerable effort into motivating students to think and study for themselves. The History Curriculum Standard and The History Program are the programs that provide a fundamental guideline for the education and publication of the history textbook of China. China runs a new education curriculum of the 21st century that uses three kinds of History textbooks: Fulltime Mandatory Education of History Curriculum Standard, Fulltime Mandatory Education of History and Society Curriculum Standard I and Fulltime Mandatory Education of History and Society Curriculum Standard II in the middle schools. The high schools use the General High School History Curriculum Standard. According to these national History Curriculum Standards, a variety of the textbooks have been published. China uses several textbooks together published according to the guidelines by The History Curriculum Standard and The History Program. The middle schools use the middle school history textbooks published by the guide lines of The History Program (established in 2000) in 2001 and the high schools use the high school history textbooks passed by the National Qualification Test in 2003. The middle schools also use the Middle School Experimental History Textbooks published by the new History Curriculum Standard in 2001 and the high schools has started to use the experimental textbooks since 2004. There are six national level history books for the middle schools and one for the high schools in China (by February, 2006), which were published by the guidelines of The History Curriculum Standard and The History Program and are being used in all the schools. The experimental textbooks that meet the national standard described in The History Curriculum Standards are fifteen: eleven middle school textbooks (eight including Chinese History and World History and three including History and Society) and four high school textbooks which include History. In addition, some cities such as Shanghai City use unique textbooks for their own local curriculums. The history textbooks have been changed through the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution and the Reformation and Opening. The historical descriptions of China’s relations with other countries have been changed along with changes in international relationships.