朝鮮時代 部曲의 諸性格

Pugok in Chosôn period

The tenn Pugok(部曲) underwent some semantic changes during Choson period. A local administrative unit or an equivalent to Hyangjông(鄕亭) in early Chosôn it conveyed the meaning of an army unit in mid-Chosôn. Later, in late Chosôn, it was used to refer to powerholders henchmen, partisans or juniors of the same academic network mungaek(門客). It is a general understanding that Pugok, a local administrative unit of Koryô where pariahs resided, was dissociated from lowly popoulation when it was either promoted to Kun(郡) or Hyôn(縣), or incorporated into their subordinate unit as Chikchon(直村) during late Koryô-early Chosôn period. Pugok can be said to have acquired the meaning of a minor administrative unit on the grounds that each of Hyang(鄕), So(所) and Pugok was given a unique designation (ûpho(邑號)). Originally, Kunju(郡主) and Hyônju(縣主) were the only title bestowed by the king to the women of the royal line and others. During the reign of King Sejong, two titles of Hyangju and Jôngju were created for those who were entitled to Chang(壯), So, and Pugok, which were generically called Hyangjông(鄕亭), and the hierarchy of Kunju, Hy nju Hyangju(鄕主), and Jôngju(亭主), from the top down, was established. The centralization policy, however, could not secure stability to the Kun-Hyôn system, as is known from the fact that indigenous powers led by hojang(戶長) still existed and the record of 128 Pugok found in Sejong Silok, Chiriji. Pugok first appears on historical records with another meaning of a military unit during the reign of King Sôngjong (1470-94). This usage has its origin in early Chosôns vigorous introduction of Confucianism from the philosophical tradition of Han and Tang, in the process of which Chosôn came to follow Hans use of the term in this military sense. The new usage came to permeate as a series of military reforms was implemented and art of war systematized by King Taejong, Sejong and Sejo. After the Toyotomi Invasions, the Korean army was reorganized as Sogogun(束伍軍), with its units broken down into small units of Pugok. Pugok remained a military term during the reign of Injo, and its definitions included “soldiers” as well. In late Chosôn, the term acquired the new meanings of henchmen of powerholders, partisans, or mungaek. Frequent usage of the word with the first and the second meanings is found particularly in the reigns of King Hyônjong, Chôngj and Sunjo.