唐初의 種族的 開放性에 對한 一序說

Introductory Remarks on the Racial Toleration in Early T'ang Period

" The rebellion of An Lushan(安祿山) in the history of Tang dynasty is treated of as an incident of significance, a turning point not merely in the history of T’ang but also in the advance of the Chinese people in general. Studies made heretofore on the causes for this significant event, however, seem to have been more or less short-sighted in that they tried to find the causes merely in the political background of the days. Tracing, instead, the remote causes back to the earliest period of Tang, this writer has tried to grasp the causes through. the developmental process of T’ang’s racial toleration and understand the history of Tang in general by study from the angle of development this toleration policies of the Tang dynasty. In view of the fact that this n came of a tribe of the ‘barbarians’ in Liucheng(柳城) of Yingchow(營州) foreign peoples or the ‘barbarians’ become a worthy subject of study. In other words, what were the cause for the prosperity in Tang of those coming from alien peoples? When had this rise of alien elements in T’ang started? And what did the T’ang court’s attitude towards these alien elements in blood relation with its royalty, its royality, its policies as well a the influence of the policies have to do with this rebellion? This writer has tried to determine all these in this writing. In politics, the writer thinks, the toleration policies which started in the period of T’aitsung(太宗 627-659) of T’ang towards the ‘barbarians’ was partly answerable for this rebellion of much later dates. It may be worthwhile to discuss the racial toleration, which is one of the achievements of T’aitsung in his foreign policies, or to study the development and changes of this toleration policies in the history of Tang. In the years of Chinkuan(貞觀) of Tang, doors were open for alien elements of the people in every aspect of life. They were allowed, with-out any restriction whatsoever, to get appointed to eminence both in the imperial court and in military service. Everything and all differences of different races were fused in a melting pot of the so-called unity of the civilized Chinese and primitive barbarians. This unity was a political ideal of higher order. On the foundations of this unity a world empire of T’ang was being organized in the concept of a sole empire ‘under heaven’. When considering the advance of alien elements in the Chinese society, it is necessary to take into account the racial toleration, the inc-idents of T’uchiebs’ (突厥) immigration brought about by T’ang’s foreign assistance for them, and also the political,’ economical, cultural and social aspects of Chinese empire, which was rapidly expanding in the days. The most significant of all these was King T’aitsung’s impartiality and toleration with the barbarians, and he was the very first monarch in China that had ever conceived of such clement idea which seems to have served as the foundations of this world empire. This toleration was for the cultural unity of different races, which was to follow a political unification. This toleration embracing alien elements is to be valued highly as a political ideal helpful in absorption and assimilation of alein elements within a new order after the unification of a territory when it was ever growing in size. The idealistic political thoughts of the Chinese people handed on from ancient period were thus materialized by T’aitsung, and we can say this to his credit as he developed the idea of the righteous government further, shaped it to more practical purposes, whereby he effectuated a new form of world politics. Without this toleration policy with equality for all in the peaceful rule of the period of Chinkuan, which was regarded as an example to be emulated ever afterwards, it might have remained a mere physical expansion lacking in truthful contents.