古代 三國의 地名語彙攷

A Study on Ancient Korean Place-Names - Focusing the Doubled Place-Names in Samguk Sagi (Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms)

The vocabulary expressing the ancient place-names in Samguk Sagi(三國史記) vols. 34-7 is an important material that ancient Korean language could be reconstructed. Particularly, the words expressing the doubled place-names of the Three Kingdoms in Vols. 35 and 37 of Samguk Sagi can be represented as the main source of ancient Three Kingdoms’ languages in the reliable, objective point of view. The place-names might originate from the 8th century ago because even though Samguk Sagi was recorded during the rule of King Injong of the Koryo Dynasty(1145, A.D.), the record had been subject to the fact that the place-names had been changed by King Kyongduk (景德) (751 A.D.) of the Silla Dynasty. From this point of view, the author tries to prove the language relationships and characteristics among the ancient Three Kingdoms through the classification, analysis, and analogy of the place-names, focusing the plurals of them. In this article, the classification of types is based upon the whole place-names as follows: 141 (30) place-names of the Sill a Dynasty in Vol. 34 154 (98) and 22 (3) place-names of the Koguryo Kingdom in Vols. 35 and 37 146 (29) and 51 place-names of the Bekje Dynasty in Vols. 36 and 37 Of the total 514, the figures within the figures brackets are the number of doubled place-names. These can be classified into three kind of types in order to confirm the word-forms. Of the three types, two are ruled out by reason of uncertain examples. Only the place-names classified into the so-called ‘A type’ are selected as the object of analysis on the premise that they could be confirmed, with the most objectivity and reliability, as the vocabulary of the ancient Three Kingdoms. The standard of selecting place-names from the objects of analysis chiefly is to take the coincidence of both that between the proper names of the ancient Three Kingdoms recorded the doubled place-names, one is to borrow from the sounds of Chinese characters, and another is to meet the place-names translated into Chinese characters appropriate to them, keeping the meaning of agreement with the loan-sound of proper names. For instance, of the place-names of Koguryo here is a Chinese character ‘達＞tal’, which is the loan-sound of a proper name; in this case, the translated Chinese character ‘山’, keeping the meaning to correspond with the sound, is rebuilt into the Koguryo word ‘tal’,-namely, ‘山’ keeping the meaning ‘mountain’. As it agrees with Japanese take ＜*talke ‘mountain’, or Mongolian tologai ‘head’, it is a way to confirm Koguryo word tal ‘mountain’. Of the whole, the place-names of the type which could be analyzed by the above way are in number Silla 28, Koguryo 63, and Bekje 24. The total 115 place-names are analyzed in this paper. Followed by the result of analysis, the language characteristics are summarized as follows: 1. The characteristics of vocabulary a. Among ancient Three Kingdoms’ vocabulary, nearly 100% of Silla and Bekje words and about 65 % of Koguryo words correspond with Middle Korean. It proves to be sure that Middle Korean would take the form of Silla language, and the northern Koguryo and the southern Silla would have kept the same period of common language. b. On the other hand, about 35 of Koguryo words, unlike Silla and Bekje ones, do not correspond with Middle Korean and further do not arrange in order. However, most of words correspond with Japanese. They can be viewed in the following two respects. One is that for a time each the languages of the northern Buyo(夫餘) tribes (the origin of Koguryo language) and the southern Han(韓) race(the origin of Silla language) might have kept an independent language area; another is that the correspondence with Japanese might not be a casual occurrence, but rather a kinship with Koguryo language.