麗末鮮初 豆滿江 流域의 女眞 分布

On the Jurchens who Inhabited the Tumen Riversides during the Fifteenth Century

The purpose of this paper is to examine the geological distribution of the Chien-chou Jurchen(建州女眞) together with their social and economical conditions. ① Geological distribution : The Chien-chou Jurchen were composed of the Olangkhai(兀良哈), the Wotoli(斡朶里) and the native Jurchen (土着女眞) tribes. Towards the end of 14th century, these Jurchen tribes migrated to the banks of the Tumen River(豆滿江) from the middle or upper streams of the Mukden River(牧丹江). Following this migration, both the Olangkhai and Wotoli tribes enjoyed an alternative period of prosperity in this area. During a skirmish bet-ween the Olangkhai and Wotoli tribes, the Wotoli Chieftain, Tung Meng Keh Timur(童猛哥帖木兒), was murdered together with some members of his family. As a consequence both tribes were weakened and King Se-jong(世宗) of the Yi dynasty established garrison cities in the south-western part of the Tumen River in other to extend his territoies. At that time, the Olangkhai tribe inhabited the upper stream, the native Jurchens resided in the middle while Korkhan Uchikai(骨看兀狄哈) was scattered in the lower stream of the Tumen River. However, due to the establishment of the garrison cities, the influence of the Jurchens was considerably diminished. On the other hand even during this difficult period, the Wotoli and Olangkhai tribes could attain social and economical development. In fact they even laid the foundation of the future Ching(淸) dynasty. ② Social conditions: The Olangkhai and Wotoli tribes transformed their narrow tribal attitudes and life style to a more broad and receptive one. Consequently they achieved tribal unity and changed their family names to ones derived from Chinese tradition rather then retaining their own proper family name which originated from totemism. Besides, the various pressures imposed on them by Koreans and Chinese, aroused in them a strong sense of their identity, and consequently promoted tribal unity. ③ Economical Conditions: During this period, the Chien-chou Jurchens engaged in hunting or led a nomadic existence. They also commenced farming; but rather than adopting this life style temselves, they imposed it on Koreans and Chinese whom they had captured. The captured foreigners formed a special class known as Yang-li-ren(楊里人) and they contributed to the economical development of the Jurchen society. The economical and social development atchieved by the Chien-chou Jurchen enabled them to attain complete supremacy over the other Jurchen tribes. Also this supremacy led to the unification of Manchuria and ultimately the establishment of the Ching dynasty.