遼代 上京ㆍ中京道의 渤海遺民

The Po-hai Remnant who inhabited Shang-ching and Chung-ching Circuit during the Liao Dynasty

The Khitan tribe(契丹族) established the Liao(遼) dynasty which was later to become dynasty of conquest in China. The Khitan while maintaining their nomadic traditions, they needed economic assistance and the more developed technology of the conquered Chinese or the Po-hai(渤海) remnant to maintain their gigantic empire. The Khitan tribe governed separatly the Chinese and, the Po-hai remnant: these conquered people maintained their agricultural traditions while the Khitan tribe continued their bunting and nomadic ways. In order to control those who followed agricultural traditions they established ministration offices known as Nan-shu-mi-yüan(南樞密院) in each prefecture(州) and county.(縣). This dualistic administration was well-known in Chinese history. The Po-hai dynasty having a 200 years history was annihilated by the first Khitan emperor in 946. This emperor is identified from Chinese records as being Yeh-lu A-pau-chi(耶律阿保機). The Po-hai remnant were compelled to migrate to Shang-ching(上京道) and Chung-ching Circuit(中京道) by the conquerors who attempted to disrupt the power of remnant as well as to take advantage of their technology or military ability. According to Liao Shih (遼史) the Po-hai remnant were concentrated mainly in the Shang-ching Circuit, especialy in and around the capital city of Lin-hung-fu(臨潢府) and the other cities of Tsu-chou(祖州), Ch’ing-chou(慶州), Hsang-sheng-chou(降聖州) and Jao-chou(饒州), In addition, the Liao Shih shows the status of the Po-hai remnant had been royal family, noble-men, soldiers or craftsmen during the Po-hai dynasty. Also a portion of the Po-hai remnant inhabited Chung-ching Circut (中京道) particuraly the cities of Wun-chou(恩州), Chin-chou(黔州), Yen-chou(嚴州), Ch’in-chou(遷州) and Jun-chou(潤州). According to Wang Tseng(王曾), Sung Shou(宋綬) or Lu Chen(路振), travelers of the Sung dynasty, some of the Po-hai remnant dwelt and established villages in the areas within Chung-Ching circuit other than the cities mentioned above. The Po-hai remnant of these area engaged in iron manufacturing, cart-making and milltary service. The Po-hai remnant of Shang-ching and Chung-ching Circuit were confined to prefectures or counties which was controled by Nan-shu-mi yüan as well as Ordo(斡魯朶) or T’i-hsia-su(堤轄司) which were manors of the khitan emperors. And also they were subjected to T’ou-hsia-chün-chou(頭下軍州) which was manor of the royal family or the meritorious. The governors of the Liao dynasty compelled the Po-hai remnant to migrate to Shang-ching and Chung-ching Circuit which were the focal area of Liao dynasty as regards military and economic activities. Because they were superior in the various skills and cultural ability to the khitan tribes. This enforced migration of the Po-hai remnant tended to solidify their opposition against the khitan governors, and to mobilize their skils and abilities for developing and strengthening Khitan empire and her army. During the Liao dynasty if the regulation should became weakened the possibility of a revolt increased accordingly. In the event of a revolt occuring in the central area, the Liao dynasty should be confronted with a very real danger. As a matter of fact, the Liao dynasty had to contend with revolts from the Po-hai remnant towards the end of dynasty. For exemple Yü-ku(欲古), a leader of the Po-hai remnant, initiated a revolt against the khitan governors in lao-chou (饒州) where the iron craftsmen of remnant mostly resided. Indeed the Liao dynasty could not defend herself against the rising Ch’in(金) dynasty. The fall of Liao dynasty was caused mainly by the failure of her policy towards the conquered people..