商周시대의 안료와 채색문화

The pigment and coloring culture of Shang(商) and Zhou(周) era

This study has been made focusing on the kind and the usage pattern of pigment, the relation between the usage of pigment and the economic power of buyers and so on through the coloring materials of Shang(商) and Zhou(周) era. The result of the study shows that compared to the former ear, the coloring materials had varied in kind to the colored pottery, lacquered ware, lacquered coffin mural, colored jewel, the coloring design of textile, zhushu(朱書) etc. And the interest and desire of the coloring had been also expanded. The used pigments vary to black, white, red, yellow, green, blue, purple and so on. As for three colors of black, white and red, black coal(C, 黑炭), calcite(CaCO₃, 方解石), hematite(Fe₂O₃, 赤鐵鑛), cinnabar(HgS, 朱砂), etc. that had been used in the Neolithic era seem to have been used continuously. And it appears that the yellow pigment used orpiment(As₂S₃, 石黃) or Fe₂O₃ㆍ3H₂O(土黃) of hematite and green pigment and blue pigment use malachite(Cu₂(OH)₂CO₃, 石綠), azurite(Cu₃(OH)₂(CO₃)₂, 藍銅鑛) etc. The analysis test of the Neolithic era pigment shows that in case of the purple pigment, a large quantity of silica(SiO₂) is mixed with the red pigment of hematite (Fe₂O₃). The usage of pigment was mostly confined to three colors of black, white and red like Xia(夏) era. Yellow, green, blue, purple, etc. appeared to have been used in a very small quantity. And the three colors of black, white and red had rarely been used. It shows that the pigment foundation was so weak. In particular, it is rare to find the coloring of the ordinary life space except mural and so forth of the palace remains. The pigment was used in Shang and Zhou era only in case that the economic power of buyers was strong. In case of putting the pigment piece in the grave for the purpose of religious ceremony and painting pigment on the grave walls, the human bones of the grave, shaft of burial of the living with the dead, the usage of the pigment was decided in proportion to the economic power of the grave owner. The fact that the usage of pigment was decided by the economic power says that the pigment price was so high and the demand and supply of pigment wasn’t enough. Though the economic power was strong, the colored relics were limited to a few pieces. It also shows that the demand and supply of pigment was difficult. The details about the producing district of the pigment in Shang and Zhou era couldn’t be made but as for cinnabar(HgS, 朱砂), the producing district is found to be in the southwestern region of China. And the areas such as Qinghaisheng(靑海省) and Gansusheng(甘肅省) which are relatively near the producing district show richer coloring culture than the eastern region like yinxu(殷墟) and so forth. That is, it is inevitable to think that the trade matter affected the demand and supply of pigment like Xia era.