초기 이슬람에서 통치권 확립의 방법과 변화

The Method of Acquiring Sovereignty in the Early Islam and Its Changes

This paper is designed to research the criteria of sovereignty in the early Islam and its method and its changes. For this purpose, chapter Ⅱ described the methods of acquiring sovereignty in the early Islam. There are two criteria of sovereignty in Islam. The one is proclaiming the name of the Khalifa or the head of the state in the khutba at the Friday Jum’a Prayer in the Masjid. The other is inscribing the name of the Khalifa on the coins. The Friday khutba is the mirror of what is going on in the politics, and the barometer of subtle negotiations between the Khalifa and the military chieftains. The minting of coins is one of the privileges of sovereignty. The khutba is a symbol of Muslim power in the political and religious senses. The minting of coins is a symbol of Muslim power in the cultural and economical senses. In chapter Ⅲ, the role of Friday khutba and its function was described. In the early Islam, the Friday khutba was performed by the Prophet Muhammad, and was the occasion of the Umma’ meeting together, to inform of the latest news, to give instructions, to announce planned expeditions and strategic plans for the future. In chapter Ⅳ, the hijab system was explained. The Friday khutba was a heavy burden and the psychological tension for the sovereigns. So some of the sovereigns changed the system, and adopted hijab system. According to this system, the hajib delivered the Friday khutba instead of the sovereign. The hijab system was a barrier that separated the sovereign from the people and impeded their access to him. In chapter Ⅴ, the reason why the women’s entering Masjid was forbidden was described. The hijab system was considered an important event in pushing the Khaliphate and democratic Islam into the despotism and political Islam. It developed into the prohibition women from entering Masjid and a misogyny in Islam. One of the sovereigns said ‘the Friday service is not a duty of women.’ But the Hadith said ‘Do not forbid the mosques of Allah to the women of Allah.’ This means the sovereign has to develop his ability to communicate directly with the men and women in the masjid through the Friday’s khutba. This is very heavy responsibility for the sovereigns, because they have to keep the political function of the khutba, inform of the latest news, give their opinions, and take Muslims’ opinions. However, some of the sovereigns tried to get out of this responsibility and avoided the anxiety of direct contact with the Muslims through hijab system. For understanding khutba’s role and function in Islam, it is also needed to understand the history of women’s sovereignty, their roles and functions to acquire sovereignty in Islam correctly.