試論唐代雜畜的含義

Preliminary Discussion on the Implication of Zachu - Center on the Jiumuling -

雜畜은 이전에는 어떤 종류의 짐승을 이르는 말이었다. 그러나 학술계에서는 명확한 해석을 하지 않았다. 唐代의 雜畜은 말을 제외한 짐승의 총칭이다. 唐代의 史料를 살펴보면, 雜畜의 含義는 분명하지는 않다. 唐人들은 이 단어를 사용할 때 하나의 習慣적인 用語로 사용한 것이다. 그러나 『天聖令』의 「廐牧令」 唐令 부분을 볼 때, 唐代의 雜畜은 실제로는 말도 포함한다. 이는 학술계에서 통용하는 설명과는 다르다. 그 용법은 “雜類”、 “雜流”와 유사하다. 이를 가지고 『天聖令』中의 다른 令文과 비교해 보면 모두 확실해진다. 이런 현상이 일어난 원인은 먼저 唐人들이 “雜畜”이란 한 단어에 대해 구체적인 의미를 이해하지 못한 것이며 잡축의 내용이 고정된 것이 아니었던 것이다. 다음으로 일을 기록할 경우에도 잡축의 함의는 모두 같지가 않았던 것이다. 요컨대 唐令 중의 雜畜에 나오는 含義는 前後가 일치하지 않으므로 때에 따라 가려서 해석해야할 필요가 있으며 하나의 해석만으로 규정할 수 없다.

Zachu(雜畜) was the appellation of some special kind of livestock in ancient time. It is a pity that the meaning of this term has not been defined clearly by the academic circle. It is commonly held that Zachu of Tang dynasty was a generic term of livestock except horse. The concept of Zachu is not definite in the history record of Tang, just used as an idiom. In the research of the Tangling(唐令) part of Jiumuling(廐牧令) of Tiamhengling(天聖令), we can find that the meaning of Zachu was a generic term of livestock including horse, which is different from the usual opinion. The usage of Zachu is similar to Zalei(雜類) and Zaliu(雜流). Bearing this explanation in mind, we can understand the other stipulations of Tianshengling easily. In other words, the people of Tang dynasty didn’t formulate that Zachu was the generic term of livestock except horse in their language. By coincidence there is an opposite conception of Zachu in some stipulations of Tianshengling which reflected in that Zachu is juxtaposed with horse rather than included it. This phenomenon makes it hard to interpret the genuine meaning of Zachu. From my pinot of view, there are two reasons cause the disparity. First of all, the people of Tang dynasty didn’t know the meaning of Zachu exactly and the term’s connotation and denotation were not unchangeable. On the other hand, the meaning of Zachu was changed along with the different contents which were written in different stipulations. It meant all kinds of livestock in the function of Jianmu(監牧) and the livestock except horse in the administration of Jianmu. In general, the meaning of Zachu was inconsistent in Tangling, which demands us not only to comprehend the term as a definite conception but also to differentiate and analyze the legislators’ intention in different ways.