胡瑗의 『周易口義』가 伊川 『易傳』에 준 영향

The Influences of HuYuan’s ZhouYiKouYi upon YiChuan’s YiZhuan

이 글은 胡瑗과 程頤의 학통 계승 내용을 밝힌 것이다. 송유들은 사회를 안정시키고 上下･尊卑 질서를 확립하고자 이전 六經 중심의 훈고를 비판하며 佛･道의 사상을 받아들여 새로운 유학인 송학을 태동시켰다. 송학에서 가장 중시한 것은 義理이다. 義理之學으로서의 송학에서는 四書와 함께 ‘易’이 새롭게 존숭받기 시작하였다. 의리지학의 입장에서 ‘易’을 새롭게 정립한 자가 胡瑗이다. 호원은 易’ 사상을 기반으로 엄격한 학규를 세워 실천하며 제자를 육성하여 기강을 수립하고 혼란한 사회를 바로 잡으려 하였다. 호원의 의리로서의 ‘易’ 사상은 經書를 존숭하는 마음을 유지시키면서도 가르침과 다스림을 강조한 『周易口義』에 잘 나타나 있다. 호원의 직･간접적 가르침을 받은 제자 가운데 의리를 근본으로 ‘易’을 설명하며 스승의 학설을 계승한 대표적 제자가 바로 程頤이다. 程頤는 胡瑗의 ‘易’ 사상을 토대로 송학을 발전시켜 정주학으로 완성하였다. 송학과 정주학 형성의 근거가 된 호원의 『周易口義』와 程頤의 『易傳』의 비교 분석을 통해 영향을 준 내용을 확인해 보았다.

In the early Song Dynasty following five kings of the end of Ting Dynasty the development of society･economy triggered the opening of the door of thought and the prosperity of culture, and the government promoted social stability and the establishment of the order through the civil-minister centralism. But owing to the prosperity of Buddhism and Taoism Confucianism didn’t construct still its foundation, and many government officials who accomplish the institutional reform were not fostered at schools, depending only on the civil service examination. Notwithstanding this environment, the Confucian scholars of the early Song Dynasty newly launched SongXue(宋學). In the SongXue as Learning of Righteousness & Principle, ZhouYi(周易) where humanistic reason is well expressed together with the Four Books was respected. In the position of YiLiXue(learning of righteousness, 義理學) which emphasized the human relations the scholar who set up ‘Yi’ newly is HuYuan(胡瑗). HuYuan established his own theory about ‘Yi’. He also enhanced the spirit of the scriptures and compiled his explanations, which is ZhouYiKouYi(周易口義). Out of more than 1,700 disciples who received Huyuan’s direct and indirect teachings, the representative disciple who explained ‘Yi’ based on righteousness and succeeded to the teacher's doctrine is the very ‘ChengYi(程頤)’. Unlike the thought of HuYuan who based the righteousness in the center of ‘Yi’, ChengYi introduced a new idea ‘arrangement(理)’ and developed the interpretation method of ‘Yi’ and provided the behavioral norm and existence principle for the order and expanded it to many nobilities later. Based on ‘Yi’ idea shown in HuYuan’s ZhouYiKouYi, ChengYi wrote YiChuan(易傳), and developed the learning succeedingly and completed neo-Confucianism(程朱學).