중앙아시아(카자흐스탄) 유럽계 소수민족 집단의 형성과 변화(폴란드인, 그리스인)

Changes of European Ethnic Minorities in Central Asia(Poles and Greeks)

현대 카자흐스탄은 카자흐 민족의 국가라는 국가명과는 달리 공동체 구성과정 측면에서 다양한 민족 집단이 공존하고 있는 다문화다민족 국가인데, 카자흐스탄의 유럽계통의 디아스포라들은 정착과정을 살펴보면 단순히 강제이주라는 용어로 획일적으로 표현되기에는 적합하지 않은 이주 양상이 존재하고 있다. 특히 본 논문이 다루고 있는 폴란드인, 그리스인은 역사적인 시기에 따라 이주의 성격이 확연히 다름에도 불구하고 단순히 강제이주패턴으로만 다루어져 왔다. 본 논문은 카자흐스탄 사회에서 인구학적으로도 의미를 지니면서, 역사적으로도 의미를 지니는 유럽계의 대표적인 디아스포라 집단들의 이주과정과 변화 양상을 통해 강제이주라는 용어로만 대표되는 집단들의 카자흐스탄으로의 이주와 정착과정이 제정러시아 시기의 카자흐스탄 영역에서부터 안정적으로 형성 및 발전되었음을 살펴보았다.

Various european ethnic groups had migrated into the territories of Russia since Since mass migration of european peasants in the end of In the course of peasants' migration in the pre-1917 period, more than 1 million of various people came to Kazakhstan from Russia, the Ukraine, and Byelorussia. After the 1917 Revolution, about 1 million people were subjected to migration to Kazakhstan for the purposes of constructing industrial facilities. During WWR II 150,000 people were evacuated from the territories where occupied by Nazi Germany. Kazakhstan became a place of exile for several ethnic groups who were suspected of being potential collaborators with Nazi Germany. Migration of Poles into Central Asian Regions had been started from the end of the 18th century with Russian annexation of Poland. Most immigrants were accomplices or groups who had joined or involved in the anti-Russian Movements. Most of these peoples, who had served as local government officers of Russian empire, settled in Kazakhstan after completing of their penalties. With the results of Polish restoration and territorial changes between interwar period and WWR II resulted into ambiguity of political polish definition. Central Asian Polish settlers could accept smooth assimilation into Russian culture, which were based on similar slavic cultures and firmly established major social culture in Soviet Kazakhstan. After breaking up Soviet Union small number of poles in Central Asia and Kazakshtan chose returning of their historical homeland, because of cultural assimilation into local russian culture and communities, and passive immigration Policy of overseas Poles settling into poland republic. The case of Central Asian Greeks, which has been referred to as the case of active accepting of ethnic minority into their historical mother land, is divided into two groups by migrational backgrounds. Anatolian Greeks has been connected with contemporary Greece, while Pontic Greeks had been connected with Greece with historical connotations. Major contemporary Greeks in Central Asia are descendents of Pontic Greeks, who had been subjects of Imperial Russian by russian winning over Russian-turkish war in 19C. In the peculiar social and labor structure in Soviet Central Asian countries, ethnic Greeks achieved stable social position as professionalists. Most of returnees to Greeks were holders of Greek citizenships in Soviet union periods, and some part of pontic Greeks returned not into Greece, but into Black sea or caucasus regions, where they or their ascendants had established their own communities before deportation of Soviet Union.