백워드 설계의 새로운 모형 개발: 개선 모형을 중심으로

A New Model Development of Backward Design : Focusing on Improved Model

본 연구는 백워드 설계모형(backward design)에 기반하여 이해중심 교육과정을 구안하고, 이를 적용하여 백워드 설계의 새로운 모형을 개발하는 데에 목적이 있다. 이와 같은 연구 목적을 달성하기 위해 백워드 설계 연구의 유형을 분석하고 백워드 설계 모형에 기반하여 과학과와 사회과 단원을 개발ㆍ적용하였다. 이 과정에서 통합 연구 방법과 형성적 연구 방법을 활용하였다. 연구의 결과, Wiggins와 McTighe의 모형과 구별되는 특징을 지닌 백워드 교육과정 설계 개선 모형을 개발하였다. 개선 모형은 다음과 같은 특징을 가진다. 첫째, 백워드 설계의 각 단계가 선형적이지 않으며 양방향적이라는 특징을 가진다. 둘째, 1단계와 2단계 사이에 수업초점 결정하기가 추가되어 수행과제 선정의 용이성을 높였다. 셋째, 학습경험에 적합한 교수방법과 전략을 구체적으로 고려하도록 하였다. 넷째, 각 단계별로 기존 모형보다 더욱 상세한 절차들이 추가되었다.

The purpose of this study is to develop a better backward design model. This is conducted through the process of developing and applying the formative circulative process of understanding curriculum based on backward design. The backward design model, which was developed by Wiggins and McTighe, is a curriculum based on the development model, that consists of developing an advanced form of instructional design and evaluation in order to improve the students' achievement. The substantial research issues that this study intends to deal with are as follows; 1. To modify the model through the process of developing a unit based on backward design and the formative circulating process of it. 2. To propose an improved backward design model. There are two research methods mainly used in this study: the mixed method and the formative research methodology. The results of this study are as follows; Firstly, the understanding of the curriculum based on backward design has the ability to promote the students deeper understanding, while also maintaining the validity in the process of the development of the curriculum as well as implementing instructions. Secondly, the teachability and feasibility was secured through the process of formative research methodology in order to develop the curriculum. The curriculum was organized: the role of teacher-student was also found as the organizers of the curriculum. Thirdly, through the formative research process, an improved backward design was made that used the distinguishing features from Wiggins and McTighe. 1. Each stage of the improved backward design process was not straightforward and linear, instead it was characterized by a two-way process. 2. Deciding the instructional focus was added between stage one and two, this had the effect of increasing the ease of task selection. 3. Teaching methods and strategies which are appropriate to the students' learning experience were also considered. 4. More detailed procedures also were added to each stage of this model compared to the original one. Finally, teachers will also have an improved perspective on the curriculum as well as on expertise and autonomy, which leads them to analyze the curriculum structurally and implement it on the basis of the students' understanding. That is to say, teachers will be the designer as well as the practitioner of the curriculum.