Письмо-инвектива в контексте«писем вождю»(на материале русской литературы ХХ века)

Letter-invective in the Context of <<Letters to Chief>> (On the Material of the Russian Literature of the XX Century)

This work is the thematic continuation of research of addresses of Russian writers conducted by us in the authorities and in power structures with letters. We mean that that similar texts - letters of representatives of the Russian intellectuals, in particular writers, in the power - form the special epistolary genre possessing a number of distinctive features. We allocated the following versions of an analyzed genre: letter-invective; letter-declaration; letter-lampoon; letter denunciation; letter-complaint/request/justification; letter-dithyramb/gratitude/creative report. The letter-invective about which there is a speech in this article, contains charges and even a call to the authorities or more reserved on tone, but resolute criticism of essential aspects of activity of power bodies and persons with prevalence of angry intonations. In most cases authors of such letters don't mention circumstances of own private life, in any case, aren't concentrated on them. Their position is basic dissent (or developed gradually owing to the analysis of external circumstances) or the demonstrative rupture of once close connections realized by the sender as tragic, but inevitable. First of all in a context of letters-invectives should call letters by V.G.Korolenko to H.G.Rakovsky and to A.V.Lunacharsky (1919 - 1921). This very extensive layer of material already became a subject of special consideration and is in detail stated by us in separate article. Letters-invectives appeared and in the next decades they were, however, created in more tragic personal circumstances: in expatriation, at the decision to commit suicide. One of bright documents such is &laquo;The open letter to Stalin&raquo; (on August 17, 1939) by F.F.Raskolnikov. A.A.Fadeev 's directed by the Central Committee of CPSU (on April 13, 1956) the last letter, reflects a serious, crisis state of his author, by then already disgraced writer feeling bitter disappointment in business and people to whom until recently undividedly I trusted and served with sincere belief. Number of letters-invectives it is written by A.l.Solzhenitsyn: the letter to the Secretariat of Board of the Union of Writers of the USSR (on September 12, 1967), the letter to the Secretariat of the Union of Writers of the USSR (on December 1, 1967), the letter in the Secretariat of the Union of writers of the USSR (on April 18, 1968), the open letter to the minister of the State security Yu.V.Andropov (on August 13 , 1971), the letter to Committee for State Security of the USSR (on June 2, 1973), the letter to the Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR N.A.Shchyolokov (on August 21 , 1973). V.N.Voynovich's letter belongs to letters-invectives (on February 19, 1974) also (to the Union of Soviet Writers). In the context of letters-invectives it is necessary to consider two texts by G.N.Vladimov - two letters-invectives with elements the declarations addressed to Presidium of the IV Congress of writers of the USSR (on May 26, 1967) and to Board of the Union of writers of the USSR (on October 10, 1977). As we see, from resolute criticism of actions of the authorities in the letter of &laquo;the companion of the writer&raquo; the beginnings of the 1920th years to an accusatory speech to the main master in the open letter to it the end of the 1930th years and 1960 - the 1980th - such is a substantial and emotional range of the letters invectives addressed to the Soviet leaders. Besides, our research of the Russian literature of the XVIII - XIX centuries showed that the letters-invectives to Tsars, wasn't written. Probably, the reason of it is that the Tsar was perceived as the God's anointed sovereign, and irrespective of political addictions and the attitude towards the identity of the specific governor of the writers addressing with letters to Tsars,