기간제 근로자의 선택자발성이 직무태도에 미치는 영향

The Effect of Fixed-term Employment Workers'Voluntary Choices Regarding Their Work Arrangements on Job Attitudes

본 연구는 한국고용정보원에서 조사한 제13차 노동패널 자료를 사용하여 기간제 근로자의 직무태도와 이에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 기간제 근로자의 직무태도에 영향을 미치는 요인 중에서 기간제 선택의 자발성에 초점을 두었으며, 직무태도는조직몰입과 직무만족을 포함하였다. 기간제 근로자 395명 중 208명(53.2%)이 자발적 이유로 기간제를 선택한 것으로 나타났다. 인구통계학적 특성을 기준으로 분석한 결과 고학력일수록 자발성이 높으며, 60대 이상은 다른 연령과 달리 비자발성이 높은 것으로 나타났다(65.1%). 한편, 기간제 선택의 자발성 여부가 직무태도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났는데, 자발적으로 기간제를 선택한 경우에 비자발적인 경우보다 조직과 직무에 대해 보다 긍정적인 태도를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 기간제 근로자의 정규직 전환가능성에 대한 조절효과는 유의하지 않았다. 분석결과를 토대로 이론적, 실천적 시사점을 제시하였다.

This study explored factors that affect the work attitudes of contingent workers, especially focusing on temporary or 'fixed-term' workers. Such theories as social comparison theory, social exchange theory, psychological contract theory, and work stress theory provided theoretical frameworks to explain the work attitudes of these non-standard workers. Organizational commitment and job satisfaction have received much attention from studies on Fixed-term employment workers' work attitudes. Studies on Fixed-term employment workers' job satisfaction showed that Fixed-term employment workers are less satisfied with their employment than standard, or permanent workers. Researchers point to low job security and less motivating nature of their jobs in predicting the difference between Fixed-term employment worker and permanent worker attitudes. With regard to organizational commitment, it is also expected that Fixed-term employment workers' organizational commitment level would be lower than that of standard workers due to lower organizational tenure, unfavorable compensation, and uncertainty in their employment contract. The actual research results are mixed, however, in both Korean research samples and in US samples. In some studies, it was found that the level of organizational commitment of Fixed-term employment workers was equal to or greater than that of standard workers. Factors that may influence the work attitudes of Fixed-term employment workers include the type of contingent work contract, level of employment security, years of service as a Fixed-term employment worker, amount of wage and benefits relative to regular workers, and volition for choosing the Fixed-term employment work arrangement. This study focused on the variable of volition for choosing the Fixed-term employment work arrangement. Involuntary Fixed-term employment workers are those who prefer a regular job and standard contract, but cannot find one or are not offered one. We argue that the inconsistency in research predictions regarding work attitudes of Fixed-term employment workers can be reduced by factoring in the impact of individual differences, one of which is employee volition to choose a Fixed-term employment work arrangement. Based on our theoretical framework, we hypothesized the following: Hypothesis 1 : Voluntary fixed-term workers are more satisfied in their jobs than involuntary fixed-term workers. Hypothesis 2 : Voluntary fixed-term workers are more committed to their respective organizations than involuntary fixed-term workers. Hypothesis 3 : The effect of fixed-term workers' volition on organizational commitment depends on their perception that they might be transferred to a standard job. Specifically, those voluntary fixed-term employees who perceive a strong chance that they might be transferred to a standard job feel more committed to their respective organizations. To test the above hypotheses, we used KLIPS (Korean Labor & Income Panel Study), a dataset collected by the Korea Employment Information Service. KLIPS is a longitudinal survey of the labor market and income activities of households and individuals residing in urban areas of Korea. The first wave of the KLIPS was launched by the KLI (Korea Labor Institute) in 1998. This study employed the 13th wave data, of collected in 2011. Among 11,582 respondents, 1,539 were contingent workers. Of these, 25.7% were fixed-term workers (N = 395). Volition was measured by asking respondents to choose the main reason they selected a Fixed-term employment work arrangement. Those who chose "Urgently needed income", "Unable to find jobs that I want", and "Unable to find jobs suitable to my work experience or specialization" were classified as involuntary contingent workers. Result showed that 46.8% of fixed-term workers in the sample were involuntary workers. The voluntary factor decreased as education level decreased, and also decreased as age increased. The percentage of