組織의 基礎理論硏究

A Study of the Basic Theories about Administrative Organization -Considering the Organization Theories of Banard-Simon-

Foreword Twentieth century has been characterized by large-scale enterprises. These enterprises need effective management. And this management is closely related to organization of the enterprises. The importance of organization is growing day by day in this complicated society. Therefore, I am going to consider today's problems of organization, considering Banard-Simon's theories. Ⅰ. Situation and Characteristics of Banard-Simon's Organization Theories. The theories about administrative organization began with F. W. Taylor in the period between the latter half of 19th century and the beginning of 20th century. With Taylor's "Scientific Management" or "Taylor System", experimental and insitutive method of management changed into scientific method of management which is based on scheme and control. But he did not pay attention to the principles of organzation in the point of the problem of human group. Man was treated as tool by him. In 1920's Fayol, Urwick, Mooney and Reiley tried to explain the principles of organization itself. But they also lacked by human side of organization. Man was a mere tool to them also. Follet, Mayo and Banard conquered this defect. Mayo, Roethlisberger and Whitehead contributed new concepts to the study of organization such as informal organization against formal organization, morale, motive and leadership, etc. On the bases of these early theories, Banard and Simon achieved pioneeric study in explaining elementary problems of human behavior in organization. Banard tried to bring light on general characteristics of organization in his "The Functuions of the Executive". His theory begins with individual and tries to investigate the element of human behavior in mutual actions between organization and individual. He also treats organization very widely, even religional or political organization. Simon's theory is. very similar to Barnard's. The only difference is that he is especially interested in public administration. Ⅱ. Formation of Organization and its Concepts. Banard is very careful in difining organization. He begins with the consideration of man and presents two concepts; "cooperative system" and "organization". His organization is an abstractive concept and not a group. Simon is not so careful in defining organization but he also has an abstractive concept", a complicated pattern of communication and other relations in human group. Ⅲ. Elements of Organization. 1. Purpose of organization: There are organization purpose and individual method in cooperative purpose. These two purposes often go against each other and may lead to the destruction of organization. Organization must keep balance with organization purpose and objective surroundings to exist. 2. Willingness to cooperate: Organization can not stand without willingness to cooperate of its members. This willingness is always changeable and its intensity depends on the incentives given by organization. 3. Communication: Probability of achievement of common purpose and individual with desire to contribute to it are two poles. The process that these two potential elements become active ones is the process of communication. Authority can be kept with this communication and the coordination among organization members can be achieved with influencial power, especially authority. Ⅳ. Theory of Decision-Making. The members of organization have general tendency in their behavior. And decision-making must come before behavior, and so decision-making in organization is one of basic problems. Banard paid much attention to this decision-making. He regards it as an action of selecting. He especially attaches much importance to lower decision. Simon has a similar view, but he considers the unconscious element and the illogical element, and so shows a wider view. He also indicates that rational selection is very difficult. Ⅴ. Theory of Influencial Power. The decision-making of individuals m organization is made by direct