韓國輸出商品의 長期的 輸出可能性에 대한 商品學的考察 (其1-序說)

A Study on the Long-Term Export Potentials of Korean Export Goods (Part I-Prelude) -Especially m the Viewpoint of Commodities-

Ⅰ. Introduction. If an effort is to be made to study the long-term export potentials of Korean export goods,it is necessary to know something of their present status. Have total exports shown a tendency to increase? What kinds of goods have been exported, and in what order of volume? Has the composition of exports changed? What are the chief exports? As a matter of course, it is rather significant to examine crudely the historical inevitability of dependency on foreign trade of Korean economy and her conditions of the balance of international payments. In this connection, a brief survey of the unbalanced growth of Korean industry and the unfavorable balance of international payments have been made as an introductory research. The conclusion on these problems may be summarized as follows: 1. Korean economy is run on an unbalanced structure of industry and has been depended much on foreign trade to support the level of normal living of her people and to invest for economic development. First : The unbalanced growths both of industry and of manufacturing industry have necessitated the imports of not only raw materials but investment goods (equipments and installation) for the purpose of replacement and new investment. Second: Efforts for strategical construction of heavy industry have induced the demand for imports of heavy installation goods. Third: Relatively, being in the condition of over-production, overequipped consumers' good's industry will seek sooner or later for foreign export markets. 2. Total imports of goods and services exceeded exports by approximately $ 292.3 million on an average in the nine year period of 1955~1663. This means that the dollars which Korea have earned by the sale of goods and services to the foreign countries fell short by $292.3 million on an average, of paying for the goods and services bought from foreign countries. The deficit of international balance of payments, $292.3 million gap on an average, was filled up by donations and foreign capital investment. Korea has been characterized as debtor nations. Korean economy is now on her way to the formation of balanced self-sufficing economy, and needs much foreign exchange. Export earnings are key supplier of foreign exchange in Korean economy. In this sense, export promotion has been spotlighted as emergent ever-solving problems. Ⅱ. Structure of Korean Export Trade. Exports of goods, if measured by value, have been expanded steadily since 1960, though there was a slight drop in 1958. The scale of exports had grown approximately up to five times in 1963, compared with that of 1955. The index of export earnings is as shown in Table I. By the group of export goods classified by standard international trade classifications, it shows that inedible crude material (48.88%), food and live animals (22.31%), and manufactured goods classified chiefly by material (16.79%), have occupied the largest parts of its composition in average in the nine year period of 1955~1956. Composition by export commodity group has been occupied by inedible crude material approximately 80% in the early years, but in latest years it fell about 30%, while food and live animals holds 20% and manufactured goods 20% in 1963. The important kinds of goods which have been exported, shown by its merits of value in average in the nine year period of 1955~1963, are as follows; tungsten ore and concentration (11.80%), iron ore and concentration(11.00%), rice(7.05%), veneer sheets and plywoods (6.59%),swine (6.56%), raw silk (6.53%), cotton fabrics (5.74%), fresh fish (4.72%), dried fish (4.65%), natural graphite (4,04%), anthracite (3.80%), agar-agar (2.69%), bristles (2.79%), dried laver (2.69%), crustacea and moll-uscs (1.74%), flourspar (1.57%), inedible seaweed (1.50%), unwrought bismuth (1.42), waste silk (1.23%), ginseng (1.08%), steatite and talc (1.06%), lead ore and concentration (1.04%), etc. Most of these goods have been exported to other Asiatic countr