不平等深化過程의 展開로서의 韓國의 工業化, 1910∼1960 (其2)

A Study in the Industrialization of Korea Conceived as the Process of Increasing Inequality, 1910~1960 -A Tentative Approach-

I. The Growth of Modern Business Enterprise. After the abolition of the notorious "Company Act" in 1920, modern business enterprises mushroomed overnight in Korea. Native businessmen rushed into establishing industrial companies and whatever resources available for them were invested in industry and trade. The years subsequent to Independent Movement of March 1, 1919 could be called the period of nation-wide modernization and it was not exceptive in the field of industry and trade. Companies owned by Korean increased from 99 in 1929 to 362 in 1936. But ten years of discrimination under the Company Act gave irrecoverable injuries to them. Exploitations by Japanese rulers were so ruthless to them that they could not stand on equally competitive footing even after the discirminative law ceased to work. We could find out that the native capital invested in modern enterprises shrunk from 57 million yen in 1920 to 42 million yen in 1936 while that of foreign (mainly Japanese) enterprisers increased from 1,264 million yen to 5,541 million yen during the same period. During that time average annual investment amounted to 270 million yen, of which more than 220 million yen was supplied from outside of Korean territory. In 1921, Japanese enterprisers owned 669 companies and the total capital amounted to 1,264 million yen while Korean enterprisers owned 123 companies and capital invested by them amounted to 57 million yen. After 16 years of free competition, the former owned 2,254 companies and the capital amounted to 5,541 million while the latter owned 362 companies and the capital amounted to 42 million yen. We can see clearly that the average size of Japanese companies has grown larger and larger, and that of Korean has shrunk smaller and smaller. In 1936, the share of Korean in productive activities (except for agriculture) was only 2%. Industrial activities have grown by about 350% during that time. It is obvious that industrialization had a beneficial effect on the living of Korean people. Nevertheless, no one could deny that almost all the fruits of industrialization had been taken away to Japan or distributed exclusively to Japanese settlers. II. Changes in the Industrial Structure. The changes in industrial structure were remarkably quick during that time. The capital invested in manufacturing industry were nearly 8 times as large in 1936 as in 1921. More than three quarters of net investment were concentrated to the secondary industry. The share of secondary industry in total national products rose from 15.8% in 1921 to 36% in 1936. Notwithstanding this change, the share of capital invested in tertiary industry was still over 60% even in 1933 and dropped to less than 40% just after the Japanese imperialists had conquered Manchuria and made her their new market. In 1921, the share of national capital in primary industrial enterprise, in secondary industry and tertiary industry were 5%, 1.5% and 6.9% respectively, and after ten years of free competition the share reduced to 0.7%, 2.1% and 1.2% respectively in 1929. Evidently, native enterprisers and native capitals were literally shut out from participating in economic activities contrary to what the Japanese rulers reported proudly then. In the still predominantly agricultural economy, industrial plants more than doubled during 1921~36, and the industrial products more than tripled. But still in 1936, nearly one-third of industrial products were produced in primitive cottage industry, and less than another one-third were the products of rice-mill industry. Industiral products in the true meaning of the word accounted only little more than one-third of all industrial products. Early in the 1930's remarkable changes were seen in industrial structure. By then, rich water power resources were found and water power plants were constructed. With cheaper and richer electric power, a number of up-to-date chemical and heavy industries came to be established. The most n