經濟開發과 經濟體制

Economic Development and Economic System

Economic system is a social order in which the economic institutions as its component factors are not only consistent with each other but form an integrated organization. There may be some economic institutions which defend and support the interests of existing ruling economic powers. But if those private interests conflict with national interest, that is, the development of national productivity, the economic institutions must be changed to be appropriate for the development of national productivity and in the result the character of the economic system is changed. In this way, the economic powers based on the old institutions will be substituted for the other economic powers suitable for the new institutions. The relation between the national productivity and the economic institutions forming an economic system is divided into two cases: in general case, the development of national productivity determines the character of economic system; and in special case, on the contrary, the reform of economic system brings the development of national productivity. The advanced economies, I think, belong to the former, and the backward to the latter. In other words, in the advanced economy the development of national productivity has acted as an independent variable in reforming the economic institutions or system; in the backward economy the reform of the institutions or system has played a role of independent variable in the development of the national productivity. The series of the systems of the advanced economy, in the reform of which the development of national productivity has played a ruling role, may usually be understood as mercantilism, industrial capitalism, monopolistic capitalism, and modified capitalism. And also the series of the systems of the backward economy, in which the reform of economic institutions has played a ruling role in the development of national productivity, can be understood as physiocracy, protectionism, Sunwenism (a kind of ideal type), and backward countries' type of mixed economic system. Therefore, in spite of the background of the same age there may well be the difference in the economic systems between the advanced and the backward countries according to the individuality of national economy. The backward countries who created the economic systems suitable for their individuality which is different from that of the advanced countries have achieved the rapid development of national productivity; on the contrary, the backward countries without their suitable systems did not break away from ecqnomic backwardness. This is a historical lesson. The economic systems in backward countries which conquered successfully their economic backwardness have coped and coexisted with those of advanced countries; namely, physiocracy with mercantilism, protectionism with industrial capitalism, Sunwenism with imperialism and finally backward countries' type of mixed economic system with modified capitalism. There is no doubt that this contrast or distinction has not the same exactitude as in natural science. It is also obvious that the implications of economic system vary to a large extent according to the peculiarity of cultural tradition and national individuality. We have so far described the factors to change advanced economic systems in relation to the different stages of economic development, and backward economic systems in relation to the difference of individuality-economic backwardness-in national economy. For that reason, by the difference of individuality many countries in the same development stage of productive power have adopted different economic systems respectively. Succeeding to the same monopolistic capitalism inview of the development stage of productive power, the "Have Nations" whose resources were rich have been transformed into modified capitalism on one hand, and the "Have-not Nations" whose resources were poor were transformed into fascism on the other hand. This historical f