工業化의 諸條件과 戰略에 관한 比較史的 硏究

A Comparative Study on the Conditions and Strategies of Industrialization in Historical Perspective

This study aims to analyse the conditions and strategies of industrialization in comparative historical perspective and, through the analysis, to examine the problems of industrialization of today. The conditions of industrialization differ according to nations and times, therefore, the strategies differ also. The general features as well as the individual characteristics of industrialization are required to be examined. Keeping the requirements in mind, the author intends to study first, the cases of England, Germany and Japan, individually and concrectly, and then to compare the conditions and strategies of industrialization of 19th century with those of 20th century. Among the countries that industrialized in 19th century, there are considerable differences in the strategies of industrialization and in the features that appeared in the process of industrialization. But, in spite of the differences in the features, we can find general characters in them. First, the traditional socio-economic systems which had to be overcome for the industrialization were-although the collapsing processes differed-the same kind of feudal systems. Contrasting to England in which the feudal system collapsed naturally in historical process and conditions of industrialization were formulated spontaneously, the governments of the 19th century backward countries had to accelerate the industrializations deliberately. Accordingly the industrialization of the former was spontaneous and experimental, while those of the latter were induced deliberately. But we can find no substantial difference except that arising from the difference of backwardness. The difference of backwardness was not so great as not to be overcome by capital and technology. Besides, though the strategies of industrialization differ among countries, we can also find common feature in them. The common feature is that, in principles, the industrialization was promoted by the agricultural development and the heavy industry was developed through the development of the light industry. Although the phase and the extent differ among countries, the agrarian revolution contributed greatly to the industrialization of 19th century. In industry itself, the light industry grew comparatively earlier than the heavy industry. The development of heavy industry, though attempted for a long time as that of the light industry, had to have the growth of the light industry as it's prerequisite. In other words, industrialization had not been attained at the expense of agriculture but through the development of agriculture as its precondition and the industrial development itself had not been attained through the emphasis of either light industry or heavy industry, but through the mutually depending developments of the both. It is only that the heavy industry, because of its own attributes, developed more slowly than the light industry. So it is not unfair to say that the industrialization of 19th century was a process of "balanced growth". The underdeveloped countries of 20th century are so different from those of 19th century and also differ from one another that it is difficult to grasp them as a group. So we should see them as contrasted to those of 19th century, keeping the varieties of backwardness of today's underdeveloped countries in mind. Some economists emphasize the absence of occidental feudal system, i.e. the stagnation of the firm traditional society, as the cause of backwardness of today's underdeaveloped countries and deny the developmental factors and the possibilities of industrialization of these countries. But we should not fail to notice the fact that, although the underdeveloped countries of 20th century have had no feudal system, they have not been self-sufficient ancient societies but have had considerable developmental factors in themselves, as one can see in the case of Korea. Therefore, comparing the socio-economic systems, as prerequisities of industrializat