중ㆍ동 유럽 환경NGO의 정치화 과정

Environmental NGOs' Process Toward Political Parties in East-Central Europe

중ㆍ동 유럽 환경 NGO 중 16%만이 공산체제하에서 창설되었으며 대부분은 1989년부터 시작된 체제전환 이후 본격 활동을 시작했다. 슬로바키아 등 4개국 환경 NGO는 체제전환 과정에서 역량 축적도 없이 정치화해 녹색당으로 출범했다. 이들 녹색당은 1990년대 각국 선거를 통해 원내 진입을 노렸으나 결국 원외 소수정당으로 전락했고 이 때문에 다른 중ㆍ동 국가에서 환경 NGO의 정치화 시도도 전무했다. 2000년대 들어 중ㆍ동 유럽의 나머지 9개 국가의 환경 NGO가 녹색당을 출범시켰으나 대부분 원외 소수정당으로 남아있다. 중ㆍ동 유럽 녹색당 가운데 2013년 현재 원내 의석을 확보한 곳은 3개 국가의 녹색당이다. 역내 국가 중 가장 늦은 2008년에 창당된 헝가리 녹색당 LMP는 현재 16석의 원내 정당으로서 녹색당의 새 바람을 불러일으키며 침체에 빠진 다른 중ㆍ동 유럽 녹색정당의 전략적 대안이 되고 있다.

Environmental NGOs generally focus on a variety of environmental issues and try to solve the problems. It's clear that environmental NGOs in Western Europe have remained successful with their green activities. In 1980s, Realpolitik convinced some environmental NGOs of a truth that green politics could be a real solution to solve the difficult environmental problems. New green parties were inaugurated in Western Europe. Especially German Greens hailed victory in the German Parliamentary Election. Some other Western Greens were in the early stage of take-off. However in East-Central Europe, civil societies and environmental NGOs were kept down by the communist regimes. Only 16% of the environmental NGOs in the region were founded before 1989. The region had very weak foundation to environmental movements. Only the dramatic transition since 1989 opened many doors to environmental NGOs. New NGOs founded everywhere and green movements began to be activated. Some NGOs in the region were swept away by the waves of forming political parties during the transition period and green parties were founded in 4 countries including Slovakia, Czech, Bulgaria and Romania. They are grossly ill-prepared and failed to be member of parliaments in each countries. Green Parties were newly founded by 9 countries in East-Central Europe since 2000. They were green parties of Slovenia, Albania, Montenegro, Poland, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Serbia and Hungary. A large number of new green parties repeated the mistakes of their predecessors. In fact, as of 2013, only three green parties have a member of parliament. Greens of Macedonia and Serbia had only one member of parliament respectively. New Hungarian green party, LMP got 16 members of the Hungarian Parliament in the 2009 Election and became political ascendancy in the green politics of East-Central Europe. The LMP can be an strategic alternative to the other green parties in falling into arrears.