쿰란의 문헌들에 나타난 "마음의 경화"(硬化, Hardness of Heart)1)에 대한 이해

Understanding of "Hardness of Heart" in the Documents of Qumran

This thesis began with recognition of the need for clear understanding of the meaning and function of "hardness of heart" in Qumran documents. The use of the concept of "hardness of heart," which is a well-known concept in the NT, especially in the Gospel of Mark, is influenced by its past history. When primary examples of "hardness of heart" in the OT refer to pagan individuals-Pharaoh, Sihon, and the kings of Canaan (Ex. 4-14; 1 Sam 6:6; Deut 2:30; Josh 11:20), God is the ultimate cause of all of the hardening actions so that God controlled their volition. Furthermore, the hardening of their hearts is displayed as the meaning of punishment for their past or present sins. Just like the pagan individuals, God is a cause for Israel's "hardness of heart." In the case of Israel, the prophets as agents are used by God to bring a message of the hardness of heart in which there is a significant element of judgment in the actions of God. The documents of Qumran show how the concept of "hardness of heart" has been developed with Judaism. In the OT, the concept was used as an example for prophetic criticism of the Israelites. However in the Qumran documents "hardness of heart" is characteristic of those who disobey God's commands (not all Israelites). At the end of judgment, God will punish them (CD[A] 3:8-9). When the concept is used for the members of the Qumran community, it has a function to warn contemporary Israel to take heed during the troubled times that lie ahead(1QIsaiaha 6:9-10; 1QS 5:4-5; cf. CD[B] 2:9-10). In Mark's Gospel, the concept "hardness of heart" is used as a polemic against the unbelievers (Mk 3:5; cf. 10:5). Thus, when the concept is used to attack the Jewish religious leaders who refuse to accept Jesus'claims and demands, it criticizes their obdurate, faithless behaviour and proclaims the imminent divine punishment (cf. Pharaoh's hardness of heart in Ex 4-14). In contrast, when the concept is used with regard to the disciples who have already accepted his claims and demands, it functions to prevent them from mimicking the unbelieving behaviour(Mk 8:17). Consequently, the question "Are your hearts hardened?"(Mk 8:17) is indicative of an attempt by Jesus to shock and warn the disciples and Mark's readers into appreciating the existential seriousness of their condition.