'아유르베다'(Āyurveda)의 醫經에 관한 연구

A Study of The Medical Classics in the 'Āyurveda'

Through a simple study of the medical classics in the 'Āyurveda', we have summarized them as follows. 1) Traditional Indian medicine started in the Ganges river area at about 1500 B. C. E. and traces of medical science can be found in the 『Rigveda』 and 『Atharvaveda』. 2) The 『Charaka(閣羅迦集)』 and 『Suśhruta(妙聞集)』, ancient texts from India, are not the work of one person, but the result of the work and errors of different doctors and philosophers. Due to the lack of historical records, the time of Charaka(閣羅迦) or Suśhruta(妙聞)s' lives are not exactly known. So the completion of the 『Charaka』 is estimated at 1st~2nd century C. E. in northwestern India, and the 『Suśhruta』 is estimated to have been completed in 3rd~4th century C. E. in central India. Also, the 『Charaka』 contains details on internal medicine, while the 『Suśhruta』 contains more details on surgery by comparison. 3) 'Vāgbhata', one of the revered Vriddha Trayi(triad of the ancients, 三醫聖) of the 'Āyurveda', lived and worked in about the 7th century and wrote the 『Aṣṭānga Aṣṭānga hrdaya saṃhitā(八支集)』 and 『Aṣṭānga Sangraha saṃhitā(八心集)』, where he tried to compromise and unify the 『Charaka』 and 『Suśhruta』. The 『Aṣṭānga Sangraha saṃhitā』 was translated into Tibetan and Arabic at about the 8th~9th century, and if we generalize the medicinal plants recorded in each the 『Charaka』, 『Suśhruta』 and the 『Aṣṭānga Sangraha saṃhitā』, there are 240, 370, 240 types each. 4) The 'Madhava' focused on one of the subjects of Indian medicine, 'Nidāna' ie meaning "the cause of diseases(病因論)", and in one of the copies found by Bower in 4th century C. E. we can see that it uses prescriptions from the 『BuHaLaJi(布唅拉集)』, 『Charaka』, 『Suśhruta』. 5) According to the 『Charaka』, there were 8 branches of ancient medicine in India : treatment of the body(kayacikitsa), special surgery(salakya), removal of alien substances(salyapahartka), treatment of poison or mis-combined medicines(visagaravairodhikaprasamana), the study of ghosts(bhutavidya), pediatrics(kaumarabhrtya), perennial youth and long life(rasayana), and the strengthening of the essence of the body(vajikarana). 6) The 'Āyurveda', which originated from ancient experience, was recorded in Sanskrit, which was a theorization of knowledge, and also was written in verses to make memorizing easy, and made medicine the exclusive possession of the Brahmin. The first annotations were 1060 for the 『Charaka』, 1200 for the 『Suśhruta』, 1150 for the 『Aṣṭānga Sangraha saṃhitā』, and 1100 for the 『Nidāna』. The use of various mineral medicines in the 『Charaka』 or the use of mercury as internal medicine in the 『Aṣṭānga Sangraha saṃhitā』, and the palpation of the pulse for diagnosing in the 'Āyurveda' and 'XiZhang(西藏)' medicine are similar to TCM's pulse diagnostics. The coexistence with Arabian 'Unani' medicine, compromise with western medicine and the reactionism trend restored the 'Āyurveda' today. 7) The 『Charaka』 is a book inclined to internal medicine that investigates the origin of human disease which used the dualism of the 'Samkhya', the natural philosophy of the 'Vaisesika' and the logic of the 'Nyaya' in medical theories, and its structure has 16 syllables per line, 2 lines per poem and is recorded in poetry and prose. Also, the 『Charaka』 can be summarized into the introduction, cause, judgement, body, sensory organs, treatment, pharmaceuticals, and end, and can be seen as a work that strongly reflects the moral code of Brahmin and Aryans. 8) In extracting bloody pus, the 『Charaka』 introduces a 'sharp tool' bloodletting treatment, while the 『Suśhruta』 introduces many surgical meth