북한이탈청소년의 성별 실태 분석 및 여성청소년 지원 방안

Analysis of Adolescent Immigrants from North Korea and Support Policies for Female Adolescent Among Them

1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 □ 북한이탈주민은 2000년대 들어 급격하게 증가하였으며, 그 중 여성의 비율은 2000년 이전에는 12.5%에 불과하였으나, 2006년을 기점으로 매년 늘어나 현재 전체 주민 중 70.1%를 차지하고 있음. 그러나 북한이탈 주민의 대다수를 차지하는 북한이탈 여성에 대한 연구나 이들이 놓인 사회 경제적 지위나 특성 등을 고려한 정책적 지원을 찾아보기 어려운 실정임. □ 한편, 북한이탈청소년에 대한 정책지원도 사각지대임. 북한이탈주민 중 29.5%는 아동 청소년기에 입국하는 것으로 나타나는데, 특히 북한이탈 여성청소년은 남성에 비해 상대적으로 정규학교 재학비율이 낮고, 무연고 비율은 높은 경향을 보이는 등 성별에 따른 차이가 있는 것으로 보고됨. 그러나 북한이탈청소년 지원 정책은 탈북에서 남한 정착과정에 이르기까지의 성별에 따른 사회 경제적 상황이나 경험의 차이를 고려하지 않고 있음. □ 이러한 문제의식 하에 본 연구에서는 북한이탈 청소년의 성별 차이 분석을 통해 북한이탈 여성청소년에 대한 이해를 제고하는 한편, 이들이 탈북에서 남한사회 정착에 이르는 과정에서 부딪히는 어려움이나 장애요인, 지원 요구 분석 등을 토대로 북한이탈 여성청소년을 지원하기 위한 방안을 도출하고자 하는데 목적이 있음. 2. 연구내용 □ 선행연구 검토 및 이론적 논의 □ 북한이탈청소년의 성별 차이와 여성청소년의 젠더이슈 파악 □ 북한이탈 여성청소년의 생활세계와 지원 요구 □ 북한이탈청소년 지원 정책과 정책수혜의 성인지적 분석 □ 북한이탈 여성청소년 지원 방안 제시

Though the ratio of women of North Korean immigrants was 12.5% before 2000, from 2006 the ratio has increased annually so that now it takes up to 70.1%. Also 29.5% of those immigrants from North Korean exiles in their adolescence, thus almost one-third of them are going through their school age and adolescency in South Korea. Notably, the ratio of North Korean adolescent female immigrants' regular schooling is relatively lower than the ratio of males, and the ratio of those female immigrants without family or friends living in South Korea tend to be high. Such statistical data indicates gender difference. Yet previous studies on adolescent immigrants from North Korea excluded from the government's policy and those on female immigrants, the majority of the North Korean immigrant population, are rare, so in turn it is hard to find a policy support taking their socio-economic difference into account. Under this subject matter, this study aims to reconsider the understanding of adolescent female immigrants from North Korea and analyze problems and obstacles they face before the settlement in South Korea, what they need, and so on; on this foundation this study endeavors to draw plans to support adolescent female immigrants from North Korea. This study reanalyzes in light of gender the original source, 『2011 Survey of the lives of North Korea Refugees : Adolescents』produced by North Korea Refugees Foundation, to empirically scrutinize gender difference of adolescent immigrants from North Korea, after addressing previous studies on immigrants from North Korea and noting theoretical background. For this study, in-depth interviews targeting thirty adolescent female immigrants from North Korea and two adolescent male immigrants are carried out; what's more, Focus Group Interview (FGI) with twenty-five on-the-spot experts who have led adolescent immigrants from North Korea support project for a long time are carried out. Through these interviews, this study explores such specific conditions of adolescent female immigrants from North Korea as their living conditions in North Korea, processes of transition to South Korea, everyday lives after entering South Korea, their experience of service and needs of support, etc. which has not been dealt in previous analysis. Besides, this study analyzes how the gender sensitive policy of adolescent immigrants from North Korea has been carried out by researching on the current condition and service result of 2011 projects in Hana centers in South Korea. Through these various surveys, this study found the following facts and problems related to support for North Korean adolescent female immigrants. First, the reason of higher ratio of female in the whole population of immigrants from North Korea is relevant to gender structure in North Korea. North Korean women take charge of housekeeping, child-raising as well as playing a role of breadwinner so that poverty-stricken conditions often cause them to cross the borderline, which unexpectedly leads to immigration to South Korea. Second, after the exile, many women during long-term stay in China, face such risks as human trafficking and purchasing marriage; in some cases, they are forced to use their sexuality to secure their stay against Chinese security police's crackdown and citizens' report. Especially, those who are without family or friends have been targeted by human trafficking, and they are more suspectible to broker's sexual assaults or requirement of sexual intercourses than those accompanying family. Third, the male immigrants' ratio of so-called direct entry to South Korea from North Korea is higher than female ones'. The direct entry mostly means bringing North Koreans to South Korea via parents' or family members' invitation and in this case many parents tend to prioritize bringing their sons. This fact shows that female adolescents are more suspectible to the threat to their status, lack of schooling and deterioration of th